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Global Warming: The Potential Impact on Japan PDF

250 Pages·1998·7.924 MB·English
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Springer Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore s. Nishioka, H. Harasawa (Eds.) Global Warming The Potential Impact on Japan With 50 Figures Springer Shuzo Nishioka Director Global Environment Research Group National Institute for Environmental Studies Environment Agency of Japan 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan Hideo Harasawa Section Head Environmental Planning Section Social and Environmental Systems Division National Institute for Environmental Studies Environment Agency of Japan 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan ISBN-13: 978-4-431-68493-0 e-ISBN -13: 978-4-431-68491-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-4-431-68491-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Global warming: the potential impact on Japan I S. Nishioka, H. Harasawa, eds. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Global warming. 2. Climatic changes-Environmental aspects Japan. I. Nishioka, Shilzo. II. Harasawa, Hideo. QC981.8.G56G5836 1998 363.738'74'0952-dc21 98-25967 Printed on acid-free paper © Springer-Verlag Tokyo 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1998 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Camera-ready by editors/ authors SPIN: 10681395 Global Warming: The Potential Impact on Japan Preface What will be the potential impact of the anticipated climate change on Japan? This book reviews and summarizes research from Japan on this issue through 1996. Many difficulties are present in estimating precisely the impact of climate change. The research results vary greatly depending on how regional climate scenarios are chosen, what impact models are applied, whether enough geographical and social data exist in each exposure unit, and what economic methods are used in evaluating the impact. Although many such problems remain, the methodology to evaluate climate change impacts has been fairly wel1 established and has been applied to many regions and sectors, with the results reported in the impact report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Because response strategy poses a huge and costly effort, to identify which of those anticipated impacts are serious to society is the key to policy making. Deciding at what level we should stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gas at what rate and along what path ful1y depends on whether those ecological and economic effects are truly dangerous to nature and society. For the reasons just stated, impact studies should be based strictly on research carried out scientifical1y and objectively, and an assessment of the methodology of the impact studies, summarizing existing studies and reports to the decision maker, also should be carried out scientifical1y. The IPCC report of 1995 stated that it is the role of policy makers to define the level of danger, and that the role of scientists is to provide the scientific and technical basis for policy decisions. This report on the impact of climate change on Japan is predicated on this principle and serves as the basis for the cooperative efforts of scientists and policy makers. How to evaluate the degree of seriousness of the climate impacts reported here is the purview of policy makers and the public. This report has multiple objectives. First, it can be the basis for part of the "National Communication-Potential Impacts of Climate Change in Japan," to be reported to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC). The vulnerability of Japan to climate change thus can be reported worldwide. Second, this report, translated into Japanese, can provide information to the people of vi Preface Japan, illustrating, with phenomena that are familiar to them, the necessity of a response strategy. Third, this report can be used by researchers of climate impact as a guideline for their next research target. Fourth, the interdisciplinary research network will be strengthened through this collaborative editorial endeavor. A similar project was undertaken in 1991. A Working Group for Impact Studies, established under the Advisory Committee of Climate Change, edited "The Potential Impacts of Climate Change in Japan" (published by the Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies CGER/NIES), which has been distributed worldwide. A Japanese version was also published. Since 1991, when the above-mentioned report was compiled, Japanese research societies have expanded their work in this field significantly with increased research funding by the government. The present report collects these more extensive and in-depth research results which have been reviewed systematically. The general conclusion of this new report endorses that of the earlier effort. How to incorporate the regional scenarios into individual local impact studies is always controversial. Most of the research referred to in this report is based on carbon-dioxide-doubling scenarios calculated from the global climate model (GCM) published up to 1992, or is obtained through sensitivity analysis where temperature/precipitation increases are rather arbitrarily determined. It should be pointed out that Chapter 1 of this report, "Climate Change Projection," is not the regional climate scenario on which the studies that follow are based. The description in this chapter is based on the recent (up to 1996) results of GCMs, and should be used to check whether the scenarios used in the studies reviewed here have a reasonable or acceptable range. Chapter 1 also provides useful information on a climate scenario that can be used for future impact studies. An impact study needs more high-resolution scenarios, but climate models are hesitant to posit them, considering the cost/benefit of high-resolution calculation using limited computer resources, poor data, and poor understanding of the mechanisms involved. Another question arises as to whether impact studies should be limited only to Japan. Japan depends on imports for 70% of its food, calculated in basic calories, and the land used to produce those imported foods amounts to two or three times the land area of Japan. The indirect impacts of climate change on Japan from outside the country through the trade mechanism is something Japan should be concerned about. The same is true of forestry and fishery resources. This report has not dealt with these indirect impacts, and few studies have done so. Preface vii In December 1995, the Environment Agency of Japan established a Working Group for Assessment of Climate Change Impacts as a part of the Advisory Committee on Climate Change which has been responsible to the IPCC since 1988. The Working Group consisted of lead authors in eight major sectors of importance, and each lead author organized a team of four to six experts, which brought the total number of contributors to 30. The members collected and reviewed the research papers in their specific fields. A workshop was held in July 1996 to coordinate their work and prepare a draft report, which was reviewed by outside experts. All the work was supported by the Office of Research and Communication of the Global Environment Division of the Environment Agency, the Center for Global Environmental Research of the National Institute for Environmental Studies, and the Global Environment Forum. and Mr. Fukuwatari greatly contributed to coordinating this entire work. This review project gave us rare and valuable opportunity to collaborate with experts whose fields and disciplines differ widely, a perspective truly needed in the field of global change research. Although a difficult task, the frank exchange of diversified knowledge was an exciting and enjoyable exercise. Our heartfelt appreciation goes to our colleagues who so generously and wholeheartedly participated in this project. Shuzo NISHIOKA Hideo HARASAW A viii Contents Preface ................................................................................. v Editors, Authors and Reviewers ....................................... xii Chapter 1 Climate Change Projections Summary ............••.•..•.•....•....•.•..•.....•......•.•........•............•.•.•......•......•..•. 1 1.1 Introduction ....•...................•.................................•......................•.. 3 1.2 Global-scale climate change projection ....................................... 4 1.2.1 Emission scenarios of GHGs.................................................... 4 1.2.2 Projections of future climate change ........................................ 5 1.3 Climate change projections for Japan ......................................... 14 1.3.1 Changes in temperature and precipitation ............................... 14 1.3.2 Changes in meteorological phenomenon indigenous to Japan 23 1.4 Future subjects .................•..........•.............................•.................... 29 References ............................................................................................ 30 Chapter 2 Impacts on Natural Ecosystems Summary .•..........................•........................................................•......... 35 2.1 Introduction •....•............................•.•...........................•.•.•............... 39 2.2 Impacts on mountainous region .................................................... 39 2.2.1 Impacts on geomorphological processes of mountains ............ 39 2.2.2 Impacts of global warming on forest distribution..................... 42 2.3 Impacts of global warming on grasslands in Japan..................... 65 2.3.1 Characteristics and vulnerability of grassland in Japan............ 65 2.3.2 Effects of global warming and human impact on grasslands in Japan .............................................................. 67 2.3.3 Future problems ....................................................................... 70 2.4 Desertification: Effects on Japan across national borders ......... 71 2.4.1 Desertification ........................................................................ 71 2.4.2 Desertification in China .......................................................... 72 2.4.3 Impact on Japan....................................................................... 74 2.5 Impacts on wetlands....................................................................... 75 2.5.1 Wetlands characteristics and fragility...................................... 75 2.5.2 Effects of warming and human activities ................................. 76 2.6 Impacts on biodiversity and nature conservation areas.............. 81 2.6.1 Warming and rare species, extinction of distribution ally- bound species ......................................................................... 83 Contents ix 2.6.2 Warming-induced degradation of conservation areas.............. 85 2.6.3 Compound effects from warming and human activity............. 87 References ............................................................................................. 88 Chapter 3 Impacts on Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Summary ..............................................................................•..........•..•.. 101 3.1 Introduction ....•.........................•.•..........•.••...............................•..•.. 104 3.2 Importance and vulnerability ........................................................ 105 3.2.1 Agriculture............................................................................... 105 3.2.2 Forest and forestry ................................................................... 106 3.3.3 Fisheries................................................................................... 107 3.3 State-of-art in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries research sector .•.•....•................•..............•.•..•.............•.................... 108 3.3.1 Agriculture ............................................................................... 108 3.3.2 Forest and forestry ................................................................... 115 3.3.3 Fisheries................................................................................... 116 3.4 Future research needs .....•...•...........•.•..........................................•. 122 3.4.1 Agriculture .............................................................................. 122 3.4.2 Forest and forestry ................................................................... 123 3.4.4 Fisheries .................................................................................. 123 References •.•.••.•.••.•.•.................•.•...•.......•......•.•..•........•.•................•....•• 124 Chapter 4 Impacts on Hydrology / Water Resources and Water Environment Summary ............................................................................................... 131 4.1 Introduction •..........•....•.......•.•.•.•...•......•.•.•...•....•............................ 133 4.2 Hydrology and water resources .................................................... 133 4.2.1 Hydrology and water resources characteristics ....................... 133 4.2.2 Effect of warming on hydrology and water Resource/ countermeasures to warming .................................................... 134 4.2.3 River flow predictions based on warming scenarios and long-term runoff models ........................................................... 135 4.2.4 Evaluation of effects based on Meteorological Agency general circulation model and Ministry of Construction, mesoscale hydro-meteorological models ................................. 140 4.2.5 Evaluation of effects based on CRIEPI regional climate model .......................................................................... 141 4.2.6 Effects on snow and ice............................................................ 141 4.3 Freshwater ecosystem ..........•.............•...••.••.•.•••.•.•.•............•••••••... 142 4.3.1 Characteristics of freshwater ecosystem in Japan .................... 142 x Contents 4.3.2 Effects of climatic warming on freshwater ecosystem in Japan..................................................................................... 143 4.4 Coastal and marine environment ................................................. 149 4.4.1 Characteristics of coastal and marine environments ................ 149 4.4.2 Impacts on coastal and marine environments .......................... 153 4.5 Future research needs ................................................................... 157 References ............................................................................................ 158 Chapter 5 Impacts on Infrastructure and Socio economic System Summary ............................................................................................... 165 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 168 5.2 Present situation and problems regarding coastal zones, human settlements, social infrastructure, and industrial activities......... 168 5.2.1 Coastal zones .......................................................................... 168 5.2.2 Infrastructure ........................................................................... 172 5.2.3 Industry and energy ................................................................. 174 5.3 Researches on vulnerability of coastal zones, human settlement, infrastructure, and industrial activities ....................................... 177 5.3.1 Impacts on coastal zones ......................................................... 177 5.3.2 Impacts on human settlement .................................................. 182 5.3.3 Impacts on infrastructures ....................................................... 186 5.3.4 Impacts and energy sector ........................................................ 189 5.4 Future research needs ................................................................... 195 References ............................................................................................ 197 Chapter 6 Impacts on Human Health Summary .............................................................................................. 203 6.1 Direct Impacts of global warming on human health in Japan ••• 204 6.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 204 6.1.2 Impacts on heat waves on human health ................................. 205 6.1.3 Possible adaptability to heat stress ......................................... 207 6.2 Impacts on vector-borne diseases ................................................. 208 6.3 Impacts of warming on mortality ................................................. 209 6.3.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 209 6.3.2 Important issues for Japan ...................................................... 209 6.3.3 Recent research on mortality and temperature ........................ 210 6.3.4 Future research needs ............................................................. 212 References ............................................................................................ 212 Contents xi Chapter 7 Vulnerability of Japan to Climate Change Summary .......•..•..........•.....................•.•............•........................•.......... 215 7.1 Introduction .................................................................................. . 217 7.2 Vulnerability to extreme climate events in Japan ...................... . 217 7.2.1 Definition of extreme events ................................................... . 217 7.2.2 Description of extreme events in IPCC Second Assessment Report .................................................................................... . 218 7.2.3 Vulnerability of Japan to extreme events ................................ . 218 7.2.4 Examples of vulnerability ........................................................ . 222 7.3 Impacts of global warming on environmental quality ...•..•.......•. 224 7.3.1 Impacts on atmospheric environment ..................................... . 224 7.3.2 Combined impacts of global warming and local environmental pollution ........................................................... . 225 7.4 Impact of hot summers in 1994 and 1995 ................................... .. 227 7.4.1 Characteristics of climate/weather in 1994 and 1995 ............. . 228 7.4.2 Factors affected by hot summers ............................................ . 229 7.4.3 Potential impacts of global warming on daily living .............. . 232 7.5 Future research needs .................................................................. . 234 References 235 Index ....................................................................................................... . 239

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