Global Warming in an Unequal World: A case of environmental colonialism (1991)

39 Pages·1991·2.109 MB·English

by  Anil Agarwal, Sunita Narain

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WEN ED�n.l �TT REE
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T� GRCENHCU�E FF·E CJ
CENTREF ORS CIENCAEN D ENVIRONMENT
We wouldl ikteo t hantkh ef ollowpienogp lweh om adet hipsu blicaptoisosni b:l e
TapanC howdhurcyo ordinattheewd o rko nt het ablaensd f iguraensds penatn
enormouesf foirntc alculaatnidnc gh eckitnhgef igurHees w.a sa ssisitnet dh is
workb yU rmilCah athalnid K .R ajesh.
LeenaB hanocto ordinattheepd r oduction.
B.PG.u ptad idt heg raphasn dc harftosrt hep ublication.
A.M.J ainammaan dR akesKhu mart ypeadn dc orrecttheedd r afts.
We wouldl ikteo t hanki,np articutlhaeCr e,n tred'ocsu mentatsitoanwf ift hout
whosec arefaunlda ssiduocuosl lecotfim oant erifarlo ma crotshse w orldt,h is
publicawtoiuolndn oth aveb eenp ossjble.
We arer ealvleyr gyr atetfouS l. S udhab,o okasn dm agazicnoeo rdinator,
MariammaJ im,n ewspapceoro rdinaatnodtr h, eicro lleagfuoerts h eir
painstakwionrgk .
We a!ea lsvoe ryg ratetfoua ll clh osweh os pentti mgei vinugsc omments,
particulDarr.Sl .yK S.i nhoaf t heI ndiaAng ricultRuersaela rIcnhs titute,
Dr.V .A sthanoaf J awaharNleahlr uU niversPirtayf,uB li dwaoif t heT imeosf I ndia
andD r.R .K.P achauorfit heT atEan ergRye searIcnhs titSuetvee.rp aelo plient he
governmewnhto h elpeuds c annobte n amedf oro bvioruesa sons.
Januar1y9, 91
© 19�CeHn trfeo rS cienacned E nvironment
Publishbeydt heC entrfeo rS cienacned E nvironment,
807V ishal Bha9w5aN ne,h ruP lacNe,e w Delh-i1100 19.
Cartootnask ewni thg ratetfhualn kfsr omS cotWti lliBsO,S N iEuwsletter,
Netherlands;o fI SntdaitaEe'n sv ironmReenpto rItn,d iIan;d iaEnx presNse,w Delhi;
andN,e w InternatioUnKa.l ist,
Designaendd p rintbeydD esig&n PrinNte,w DelhPih.: 6 445895, 6448418.
f
LisotF igures
1. TotaElm issioofnG sr eenhougsaesseo sft op1 0e mittniantgi ons.
2. PermissEimbilses ivoenrss Tuost aElm issioofnC sa rboDni oxiodfes elect
countrioents h eb asoisfp opulation.
: PermissEimbilses ivoenrss Tuost aElm issioofnM se thaonfes eleccotu ntries
ont heb asoisfpo pulation.
4. Comparatfiivgeu roefts o teamli ssioofnG sr eenhogu�sseeo sfW RI'tso p
10e mittinnagt ions.
5. Percentadgies tribouftN ieotEn m issioofnG sr eenhoguasseeb syi ndustrialised
andd evelopcionugn tries.
6. NetE missioofnG sr eenhoguasseet sot hea tmosph(etroe1p 5 e mitters).
7..C omparatNievtEe m issioofnG sr eenhoguasseeto s t hea tmosphoefrs ee lect
developcionugn t.r ies
. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
f
LisotT ables
1. Natursailn kosfG reenhoguassees .
2. CompariosfoC nS Ea ndW RIf iguorefAs n nuaNle tE missioofan l l
Greenhoguasseet sot hea tmosph(etroe1p 5 e mitters).
3. Percentage DiosftA rninbuuaNtlei tEo mni ssioofni sn dustriaanldi sed
developcionugn troifae lsGl r eenhoguassee s.
4. CompariosfoC nS Ea ndW RIf iguroefps e rc apiAtnan uaNle tE missioofna sl l
Greenhoguases etsot hea tmosph(etroe1p 5 e mitters).
5. Tradaem ounatnsd d amagepsa yabblyet op1 5i ndustriaalnidso eidl -rniecteh m itters.
·
6. Tradaem ountrse ceivbaybt loep2 0c ountrwiheisct hr adqeu otaosf
permisseimbilses ioofnC sa rboDni oxiadnedM etha.n e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •., .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendices
TotaElm issioofnG sr eenhoguassee( sa csa lculbaytW eRdI ).
PermissEimbilses ioofnC sa rboDni oxiadnedM ethaonnea populatbiaosni s
(acsa lculbaytC eSdE ).
AnnuaNle tE missitoont sh ea tmosphoefCr ea rboDni oxide
(acsa lculbaytC eSdE ).
AnnuaNle tE missitoont sh,ea tmosphoefrM ee than(eac sa lculbaytC eSdE ).
Perc apiAtnan uaNle tE missitoont sh ea tmosphoefrC ea rboDni oxide
(acsa lculbaytC eSdE ).
Perc apiAtnan uaNle tE missitoont sh aet mosphoefMr eet hane
(acsa lculbaytC eSdE ).
AnnuaNle tE missioofna slG lr eenhoguasseet sot hea tmosphere
(acsa lculbaytC eSdE ).
Perc apita ANnentuE amlis sioofna slG lr eenhouset ogt ahseae tsm osphere
(acsa lculbaytC eSdE ).
Reasownhsy c ertdaeinv elopcionugn trfiiegsui rnet o p2 0l iosftn ete mitt.e rs
. . . . . . . . . . ... . .. .. . ... . ... . . . . .
GlobaWla rmin
g
ina nU neualW orld
q
T
hei detah adte velopcionugn trliiekIsen diaan d energpya,r ticuflraorcml oya (lw hiichsr esponsible
Chinmau sts harteh eb lamfeo rhe atiunpgt he forp roduccianrgb odni oxidaen)du, n dertraikcee
eartahn dd estabiliitcssli inmga atsee ,s pousienad agriculatnudar nei macla rper ogramm(easc tivities
recesnttu dpyu blisihnet dh eU n�tedS tatbeyst he whicphr odumceet hane).
WorlRde sourIcnesst iitnuc toel laborwaittithoh ne Behintdh eg lobraull easn dt heg lobdails cipline
UniteNda tioinssa ,n e xcelleexnatm polfee nvirotnh­aitsb eintgh ruuspto nt heh apleTshsi rWdo rld,
mentcaoll onialism. theirsep reciloiutsgt lloeb sahla rionreg v eann e ffort
Ther epoorftt h Weo rlRde sourIcnesst i(tWuRtIe) , byt heW estt ou ndersttahnepd e rspecotiftv hees
aW ashingbtaosne-pdr ivraetsee agrrcohu ipsb, a sed othetrw o-thiHrodwsc .a nw ev isuaalniysk ei nodf
lesosns cieanncdem oreo np olitimcoatlilvya atnedd gloqmaaln agemeinnta , w orlsdo h ighdliyv ided
mathematjiucgagll eIrtmys�1 i•in n tensteieomnts ob e betwetehner i cahn dt hpeo ort,h peo werfaunldt he
tob lamdee velopcionugn trfiogerls o bwaalr mianngd powerlewshsi,cd ho enso th avae basiecl emeonft
perpettuah·cte uer regnlto bianle quailnit thuye s eo f economjiucs taincdee quitOyn.eA mericiasen q ual
thee artehn'vsi ronmaenndit t rse sources. tog,o d knohwosw, maInnyd iaonrAs f riciantn esr ms
A detaliolaoettkd h d ea tpar esebnyWt RIe idt sleelafd so fg lobraels oucrocnes umption.
tot hceo ncltuhsaIitno dnaia n dC hicnaan nboeht e ld Thee ntidreeb aotnet hep rospeocfit msp ending
respoevnesnfi obasrl i en kggol cfea rdbioonxo irmd eet handeo omi si,nm anyw aysa,n e xcelolpeopnrtt unfiotry
thaitsa ccumuliantt hieena gr th's atmospthheewr oerl.td o t Craurlreyba olnti hsece o nceopfot n ew orld.
dioxainddme e thantew ooa frt ehi em porgtaasnets A worlwdh icihsi nterdepeannddwe hnitc cha nnot
contritbogu ltoiwbnaagrl m iTnhgae.c cumuilnat thieo wni thsttahnedc urrelnetv eolfsc onsumptainodn
earatthm'oss optfh heergseae si emssa intlhryees uoltft h e exploiteastpieocni,ta hllele yv enloswp revalientn hte
gargantuan ocfto hndese uvmepltoipoend p acro­uWnetsrtWi.e e hsad,h opetdh aWte steernnv ironamleinstts
ticutlhaUern liyt ed States. woulsde itzhei osp portutnoif toyr cteh ecioru ntries
TheW RIr epoirset n tirely dteobs liagmdneee vde ­ to' dedevealsot ph'e hya veu sedu p thew orld's
lopicnogu ntrfioerss h aritnhger esponsifboirl ietcyo logciacpailta anldc ontintuooe v eruistee ven
globwaalr minGgl.o bwaalr minigsa phenomenont odaSya.d liyn,s tetahdef, o cutso daiys o n poor
thacto ullde atdom ajocrl imadtii�ct urbadnrcyeisn,g developcionugn trainedts h eir mirneissocuuurlsceee
upo fr aionv elra ragree aasn,dm eltionftg h iec cea ps isf rownuepdo na sh ysteirsbi au iulpta boutth eir
leaditnogc ountrliieksMe a ldivdeiss appearipnogt enitnicarle iancs oen sumptFiooirpn .s tainnct eh,e
con1pleatnedIl nyd iaan dB angladleosshia n lga rge negotiattoir oendsu coe.z ondee structive thgea ses,
parotf t heciora stline. commorne frhaaisnb eetnh atth feu tuproet enotfi al
TheW RIr epoirsat l reabdeyi nqgu otweidd ealnyd CFCp roductiinIo nnd iaan dC hin-a-which together
itfsi gurweisld le finibteeu lsye dt oi nfluetnhcee produocnel 2yp erc enotft her esponscihbelmei cals
deliberatointo hnpesr oposleedg,a lly-bgilnodbianlgt ,o da-yc-onstiatt uhtreetsao gt l obsaulr viAvsat lh.e ir
climactoen ventTihoiknsi. n odf d atwai lbleu sebdy consumptiisbo onu ntdoi ncretahsdeer ,e aomfe very
theUS g overnmteons tt rengitthpseon s itwihoin,c h Chinetsoeo wna refrigeirsab teoirnd,ge scriabse d
itt oodku ritnhgoe z onnee gotiattihoainttw� i,ln lo t a globcaulr se.
payf orec ologriecpaalr atTihoenU sS. g overnment TheW ashingtonW-obralswdea dt cIhn stitpuotien ts
agreteodt hpea ltarmyo unntesg Gtiaattt heLedo ndon outi na r ecepnatp e:r". .t.he rreem aitnhsee x traor­
1990m eetifnogr a globoazlo nfeu ndo nlayf ter dinardiilfyf iqcuuelstt ioofwn h ethcearr boenm is­
consideprraebslsefu rroeEm u ropecaonu·n trpiaers­, sionssh oubledl imitiendd e velopcionugn traineds ,
ticultahreSl cya ndinacvoiuannt ries. ifs oa tw halte veIlti. sa simple offaa tcmto spheric
Manyd evelopcionugn trfieeatsrh atth ep roposeds cientcheat th ep lanweitl nle vebrea blteo s uppto r
climactoen ventwiiolpnlu ts eriobursa koenst heir a populatoif1o 0nb illpieoonp elmei ttcianrgb aotn,
developmbeyn t limitthieniagrb ilittopy r oduce sayt,h ef atoefW esteErunr opteo dayT.h is would
-
1
implcya rboenm issioonff' osu tri metsh ec urrenta boutth,e wyo ulnde gataen ye ffobrytW estern
leveolra, s h igahs 2 3b illtioonnn peesr y ear.2" countrtioce osn treomli ssioofgn rse enhoguassee s,"
GusS petWhR,I s'p residienan nat r tiicnEl nev iron­thel EAo ffirceicaeln ttollyRd e uters.4
mentm agazipnuet s moirteb luntl'y' DeforestatWieocn o nssiudcsehtr a tenmowe cnotmsm,o nipnlt ahcee
ando thelra nuds ec_h angneosw a ccoufnotar b out Wesbto,ti hr respaonnhdsi igbphlalery t Tihseyac no.n sti­
one-thoiftr hdec arbdoino xipdreo ducbeydh uman tutthew eo rfsotro mfp reacthhwoiern lgd ehvaessre en
activaintdsy o meo ft hem ethanIefj. u sCth inaan d -l-itearmaolulnytt obi lnagm tihnvegi ctIiafmn .y thing,
Indwiear teo i ncretahsee girre enhoguasesem issionts haev aifilgaubrsleheso t wh tahtWe e smtu sitm mediately
tot heg lobal avercaagpeir taapt etero, d ayg'lso balp uitt osw nh ouisnoe r der.
totwaolu lrdi s2e8 p erc enitf;t hestew oc ountriesA ndt hiissw henW estenrna tiotnhse mselavrees
matchFerda ncpee'rcs a pirtaat teh,et o twaolu lbde talkiantmg o,s ta,b oustt abilising tchoeni­r current
68p erce nhti gheSrp"e.t thh,e refcoornec,l u:"d Aess sumptioofen n erugsyeo rr eductihnegmm a rginally.
ap racticald emvaetltoepcrio,nu gn treixepsei cntd us­TheU S hasi nf acrte jecetveeddn i scussaiboonust
tricaolu ntrtiote ask teh ef irasntds trongaecstti onss tabiliitscsio nngs umptaisUo Sn P residGeenotr ge
ong lobwaalr minTgh.e sdee velopniantgi ownasnt to Busnho wc onsidtehgrels o bwaalr midnegb aatm ee re
seet hes eriousonfthe est sh revaatl idaatnedtd h,e y mythB.u te ven stabeinleirscgioynn gs umptmieoann s
conclucdoer retchtalityn dustnraitailoa nrsle a rgelym aintaintihnemg a nifoilnde quitrye sionu crocne­
responsfiobrlt eh ep robleamn dh avet hem ost sumptiboent weetnh ed evelopaenddd eveloping
resourtcode oss omethaibnogu ittB .u cta rrytihnigs w orldDso.et sh imse ant hadte veloping countries will
argumteofnoat cr o ulledat doa t rasgtiacl emate'b?e" allowteodr "e acthh eslee veolris s o urq uotoaf
Iti sc onstamnetnltyi ontehdat th ee ffoorftt sh e theg lobal atmosphe?r e finished
Westto c hecpko llutainodgn l obwaalr mincgo ulbde Indaian Cdh itnoad aacyc ofuomnrot r teh aonnt eh ird
torpedboyea dr isienc oablu rniinntg h dee velopinogf t hweo rlpdo'psu laTthieqo unes.t tioob nea skiesd
worlWdh.y shoulwde d oa nythiinfyg o ua rea lso whetwheea rr ceo nsumoinneg- tohfti hrwedo rld's
gointgow antc aresl,e ctroircr ietfyr igeirsat thoer sr esouorrc coenst riobnuet-iotntfhghi m eru dca kn ddi irnt
underlisntiantge meRnetc.e nttlhyeh, e ado ft he thaet mospohrte hroeec eanIsfn. o t stuhreetnlh ye·s e
environmegnrtoaulop f t heI nternatEinoenragly counsthroibueelsld a ufdoekrde eptihwneog r ilnbd a lance
.A genc(yl EAb)a seidnB russ-e-alnsa gencwyh ich becaoufts hee piarr simocnoinosuusmd pestpiiottnhe e
lookasf ttehree n erignyt eroefrs itcsch o untr-it-eosl d Westerranpa enp di lloaftg hweeo rlrde'sso urces.
thep restsh atth ec oauls ei nd evelopcionugn triesT heC alifobrnaisaeI dn ternatPiroonjfaeolcSr tu s­
coulhda vvee rdyr amaetnivci ronmiemnptlailc atiotnasi.n aEbnleer gPya th(sI PSEiPni) t rse poorntE nergy
"Thlee veolfcs o auls ep redicftoeIrdn diaan dC hina Poliicnyt heG reenhohuassew arneda gainasnty
coulhda vea verdyr an1aetnivci ronmeinmtpaalc t trentdo war"desn vironmceonltoanli ailnwi hsimc h
indeeIdfd. e veloping ckoeuentpto tr hiees so rotf thcel imiastseu iesis n advertoerdn etlliyb eruasteedl y
forecaosfct osa l consunm�pwtb ieoinn bga ndiedt or einfotrrcaed itiagoennadlta hsa atr ei nc onflict
witht heN orth..;Socuotmh­
bineT"h.e5r epowrhti,c thh e
Britinsehw smazgianeN,e w
Scientciasltlt,eh def irdset­
tailfeodr mufloar r educing
releaosfce asr bdoino xibdye
thye ea2r0 0h5a,s a rguefdo r
substaanntdiu arlg ernetd uc­
tionosfe missioofni sn dus­
trialciosuendt rwiheosd ,e ­
pendionngt hmea thematical
calculahtaivoaenl sr,e aediy­
theurs eudp t heeinrt iqrueo ta
ofe missitoont sh ea tmos­
pheruen ti2l10 0o rw ilble
doinsgo b y1 997.6
Them anneirn w hicthh e
globwaalrm indge baitsbee i ng
carroiueitds o nlsyh arpening
andd eepenitnhgeN orth­
Stomagcahsf rocma ttallleeg ecdolnyt ritbogu ltoebswa.al r ming. Soutdhi viGdei.v etnh inse w
founidn terients htse o -called
2
OurC ommonF utuarned f utugreen eratiiotin sts i,m e tatieosnt imahtaevsbe e eonv ersta(tseebdeo x)E.v en
fort heT hirWdo rldt oa skt heW est",w hosfeu ture thougBhr azidle'fso restdaitdpi eoanik n 1 987s,e veral
generatiaornews e seekitnogp rotetchte,W estern Brazilsioaunr cpeosi notu tt hatth eyh aver educed
Worldo'srt heT hirWdo rld's"? substantsiianlctlehy e nI.tc sa rbodni oxiedmei ssions
WRI reporreti nfotrhci.essd ivf?idYse h.i fttihnoegn us sinc1e9 87a,n do na veradguer intgh e1 980asr,me u ch
onttoh dee velowpoirnlgid tw, h itewasthheers o laen dt he lowetrh atnh ostea kebny W RI toc alculcaatreb on
responsiobfit lhieWt eys ti nd estroyoiunr"g c ommon dioxiedmei ssioSnism.i lairnlI yn,d idae,f orestation
futur]ea"m.eG su sS petWhRI,' sp resisdaeyndsti plomatir­atedson ots eemt ob et hes amea st haotft he1 970s,
calalbyo uhti rsep or"tt,h nee wi nformamteainosnt hat thaits 1,. m5i llihoenc taar yeesa -r thef igutraek en
industarnida ld evelopinmgu scwtoo urntkto rgieetsth oe r ast hey earalvye rabgyeW RIf ort he1 980s.
begirne ducemiisnsgi onosfg reenhgoausseaesn dw en eed Accorditnotg h eF oreSsutr veoyfI ndidae,f ores­
an ewe rao fe nvironmceonotpaelr atTihoinr"d. Weonr­ld tatiroant ehsa veg oned owni nt he1 980Tsh.e l atest
vironmentmaulsisntto sgt e tta kefnoa rr idbeyt hihsi ghly assessmbeanste odn satelilmiatgee royv era four
parti'soannwe o rldism'. perioyde abre twee1n9 81-a8n3d 1 985-s8h7o wtsh at
threa toeff orelsotsh sa sg ondeo wnt o4 7,5h0a0e ach
WRI's c alculaftaiuolntsyp: r aednjidudc e
yea-r-am ere3p erc enotft hee arlier esTthiernsaet e7•
Thef iguruesse db yW RIt oc alcultahteqe u antiotfy figurmeasyw elble a nu ndertsetrnae natsm ostI ndian
carbodni oxidaen d methane prodbuyc eeadc h environmentwaoluilsdat lsl eBgue.te veni fi ti so ne­
countarrye e xtremeqluye stionHaebalveey.m phasist entohft het rufei gurietw, i lble n owhernee atrh e
hasb eenp lacoendc arbodni oxipdreo ductdiuoetn o figuruesse db y WRI.I ncreaspeudb liacw areness,
deforesatnadtm ieotnh apnreo ducftrioormni cfiee ldasn d relatisvterliyci tmeprl ementaotffi oorne lsetg islation
livesatsco ocmkp arteocd a rbdoino xpirdoed ucftriootmnh e ando themre asurheasv ed efinidtreilvyed no wnt he
useo ff ossfiule llsi koei la ndc oaSli.n cdee velopinrga toef d eforestiantt ihoecn o untcroym paretodt he
countrairesem orer esponsfiobtrlh eef ormetrh,eh eavy 1970Asn.d e vent hougthh eriesa lostt itlobl e d one
emphaosnid se foresatnadtm ieotnh agneen eratteinodtnso int hiasr eai,ti su nliketlhyaIt n dihaa st hed ubious
.o verptlhaeyci orn tribwuhtiiluoenn d erplatyhiaontftg h e distincotfdi eosnt roy1i.nm5gh ao ff oresetascy he ar
develocpoeudn tries. eveni nt he8 0's.
Braziflo,ri nstanicsae c,l eacra sweh erdee fores- Foro thedre velopcionugn trailessot ,h ea ccuracy
3
government-oNwanteido nSapla ceR esearcIhn stitute of
Brazidle'fso restatwihoanti st :h et rut?h
Brazwihli chha su seds atelilmiatgee rtyoe stknadtee­
The WorldR esourcIenss tit(uWtReI )c ontendtsh at forestaitndi iofnf eyreeanrt(s s etea blTeh)e.e stimavtaersy
developcionugn trcioenst ribaultmeo shta ltfh eg reen­ fro1m. 4m hat o8 mhao ff orelsots isn a singyleea rT.h is
housgea se missiolnesa ditnogg l obwaalr minAg m.a jor rangies v erlya rgaen dh asb eene xplaiinneW dR I'osw n
sharoef t hed evelopwionrglc do mesa,c cordtionW gR I, revieAwc.c orditnoag satelblaisteed s urvebyy A lberto
fromo ne country, Brazil,b ecaalulsoeefg etdhley Setzeorft heN atioSnpaalc eR esearAcghe ncdye,f oresta­
extensidveefo restaotfti hoenA mazonf oreosvte rt he tioinn1 987w as aro8u nmdh a.T hev ernye xyte arh,o w­
pasto ned ecadeB.r azitlo'tsac lo ntriburtainoktnsh ird everw,h enh er esurveytehdea rehae f ountdh adte foresta­
nextto o nlUyS Aa ndU SSR,c ontribaUstm iuncgh a s1 5 tiohna dr educeddr astic-ablylm yo ret hanh alAfn.d ,i n
perc enotf t hen etc arbodni oxiedmei ssioofnt sh ew orld. 1989t,h ef ollowyienagir th adc omed owne venf urther.
Brazilioannt sh,eo thehra ndh,a ves tronogbljye ctteod Thus1,9 87w asc learalnya berratainodin n n ow ayt he
thiusn faeimrp hasiosn deforestaatsi ao cna useo f average.
climate change, apsat rhtedi actuabl aasrelo yn d efor­ WRIi tswerlift e"s1,9 8m7a yh aveb eena na nomalously
estation urnaltietkshe,e r ateosf fofsuseiulls ei,s v ery higyhe afro rd eforestiantt ihoeBn r azilAimaanz on"T.h e
poorA.n dit i sa lspoo ssibtloce a lculmaotreea ccuratelyr easobnesi ntgh aittw ast hel asyte atrh atta xc redits were
carbodni oxiedmei ssiofnrso mf ossfiule clo nsumptiona vailatboll aen d holfdoecrrl se araonfct eh eA mazonT.h is,
thanf romd eforestation. obviouslleya,dt oe xtensive cloefat rhaefn ocree satss
Leaviansgi dteh el acokf g oodd ataab oudte foresta­people rutsoth aekdae d vantaogfte h iasn do thelre gislative
tioann di tism pacotnc limacthea ngae ,d etailloeodak t proposwahlisc ehn couracgleeda raanncdee xtensoifco unl ­
thef igurperse sentbeyWd R Is howcsl eartlhyaa ts sess­ tivatiIon1n 9.8 8a nd1 989t,a xc rediwtesr eh,o wever,
mentosf B razidle'fso restvaatrieyon no rmouasnldym ay suspendaendd l atcearn cellAenddp. u sheodn b yi nterna­
notb ea sh igahs c laimoerdh ighligbhyti etd. tionparle ssutrhee,B razilgioavne rnmesntta rtead c am­
Thet otaarle ao ft heA mazonl egalulnyd eBrr aziisl paigtnos lodwo wnt heb urniWnegt.t ecro nditioovnetsrh is
rough3l4y0m illhieocnt a(rmeh ao)u to fa t otAamla zonian periaolds hoe lpetdod ampefn iraensd e ncourargeeg en­
areao f5 00m ha,W hicihts harewsi tiht nse ighbourinegr ation.
countries.a rTedh iefrfee arsesnet ssmefnottrsh er atoef Yetw itahm azinagu daciWtRyI,t aketsh e1 987e stimate
forest ilnot shsia sr eaM.o sth aveb eend oneb y the. notf oro nes ingyleea rb uta sa na veragfeo rt hee ntire
VarioEusst imaftoeFrso reLsots Isn E;J raziAlm'asz o(na fso unIdnt hWeR IR eport)
Year Sources Estimated Percentage Estimated % ·ofl egal
exteonft oft otal extenotf Amazon
annual Amazonian area deforested
deforestatiFoonr esitn deforested inl ast
Brazliols t inl ast decade
eachy ear decade
(mha) (%) (mha) (%)
1981-19F8A5O 1.4 0.4 14 4
1987 AlberSteot zeNra,t ional 8.0 2.4 80 24
SpaceR esearIcnhs tit(uItNeP E),
Brazil (ruesmiontsgee nsing)
1988 AlberSteot zeIrN,P EB,r azil 4.8 1.4 48 14
(usirnegm otsee nsing)
1989 AlberSteot zeIrNP,E ,B razil 2-2.4 0.6-0.7 22 7
(usirnegm otsee nsing)
1988 PhilFiepa rnsiIdNPeE,, 3.5 1.0 35 10
Braz(iLli neparro jection
baseod n1 978s urvey)
1988 RoberPte reidraa C unhaI,N PE, 1.7 0.5 17 5
Braz(islu rvieny1 988b ased
on1 0y eardsa tau sinLga ndsat
Thematic Mapper)
1988 RecalculautsiionIngN �E data, 2.3 0.6 23 7
personcaolm municatwiiotnh
ProfJ.o seG oldemberg,
PresideUnnti,v ersoifSt ayo P aulo
4
oft hef orelsots ess timautseesdb yW RIt oc alculate
decadeF.o ri nstanictets,a bltei tlFeodr esRte sources carbodni oxildeev ealrsev erys hakyF.o ri nstance,
1980tsa ke8s m haa st hea veragaen nuadle forestation
estimaftoerMs y anmar (ersBtuwrhmiala)er eb ased
inB razTihli.ts a blaen di tass sessmeanrtesl atuesre d
on onep apeers timatfionrge lsots osv er1 975-81
toc alculcaatreb odni oxiedmei ssioOnnsl.yf ootnoitne s
presenitnead w orkshoipnF inlanTdh.ee stimaitse
minisctuylpe?e d mitth atth irsa toefd eforestiasot niolny
5.4t5i memso ret hatnh eF AOa ssessmoef1n 9t 8f0o r
foro ney ear.
MyanmarI.nt hec asoef I ndonesai Wao,r ldB ank
IfB razhialdi ndeeldo s8t m hae achy eara, s taggering
80m ha,o ra bouotn ef ourtohf c ountrtyo'tsAa mla zon reviepwa peorn I ndonesfioar'esls atn,ad n dw ater
foreswtosu,l hda ved isappeadruerdi tnhge 1 980sA. t en issuheassb eenu sedt oe stimattheer atoef d efores­
yeara ssessmebnytR oberdta Cunhao ft heN ational tatiwohni cihs 5 0t imemso re tthhaenF AOe stimate.
SpacRee searAcghe ncfyo untdh atth ea nnuraalt oefl oss InteresttihnegU lSy d,e forestraattiweoh,ni cihs
was1 .7 mha totaltloir nogu gh1l7ym ha overth ep ast zeraoc cordtionW gR I,i s baosnep de rsoncaolm mu­
1o y.earosr a bou5t. 1p2 erc enotf B raziAlm'asz onian nicatiboentsw eWeRnI a ndt heU Sd epartmoefna tg ­
foresEtvse.ni fa,s s tatbeydW RI,t hi'se stimiasot net he
ricultSuirmei.l artlhye,ra er ea,c corditnogW RI,
lows idec,l earilctya nnobteo ftfh em arkb ya sm uch6 0
absolutneoll ayn uds ec hangleesa ditnogd eforesta­
mha- -almostth es izoef I ndiat'ost al forest land. WRI
tioinn a nyo ft hei ndustriacloiusnetdrl iieksUe S SR
hasi tsreelvfi stehdi s figucroen sauflttearwt iitoPhnr so f.
andA ustralTihaee. f fecotfas c irda inw,h ichha s
JoseG oldemberpgr,e sidentth eUo nfi versoifSt ayo
destrovyaesdtt r acotfEs u ropeaannd NorAtmhe ri­
Paulaon dp utt hea nnuarla toef d eforestdautriiotnnhg e
1980sa ta bou2t. 3m ha.T henw hyt hihso axw hile canf oresrtesm,a iunnsa ccounAtneddt .h iissw hen
calculactairnbgod ni oxiedmei ssio?n s WRI'so wn pastre porhtasv ee stimateexdt ensive
Altlh imsa yb ep ardonaibiflwt ea sm erelayne xercise damagteo t hesfeo resAtcsc.o8r ditnoog n ee stimate,
inb acko ft hee nvelocpael culattiopo rnosv ogkeo vern­ moret haan f ifotfht hef oresatreedia n E urophea d
mentisn taoc tioBnu.tw heni tg etuss edt oa brogartee­ beend amagebdy acirda ibny 1 986T.h ist,o gether
sponsibfiolgril toybw aalr mianngd p ushf olre gablilnyd ing
witNho rtAhm ericeaq,u allteord o ugh1l0yp erc ent
conventiioitns ns o,l ongaej ro kWeR.I c anp ossijbulsyt ify
ofa llth en on-tropfiocraelas rte aO�b vioustlhyi,s
itasc tiboyns ayintgh aittu sedt hea ssessmeonfft o rest
wouldh avea ni mpacotn climacthea ngaes s ome
losfso 1r9 87t oc alcultahtege r eenhouisned efxo 1r9 87.
Westersnc ienthiasvtecs a lculaOtneede .s timaitse
Butt hent,h idso esn ote xplahionw i th asu sedh igh
tha1t0p erc enotft e�perfaotree sdtasm,a gebdy a cid
averargaet. eso fd eforestiantt ihoecn a seo fo thecro un­
trie!si kIen diaM.o reovewrh,y does'tn everyp ress rainw,o uldt ogethreerl eaassem ucha s3 5b illion
statemeanntd e vercyo ntentuinodne,r ltihniefs a c?t tonneosfc arboenq uivaliennttto h ea tmosphe-r­e
Takintgh ee stimaotfAe l bertSoe tzefro 1r9 88B,r az'si l equatlot hee ffeocfut s infgo ssfiule flossr e veyne ars
contribtuott ihoecn a rbodni oxiedmei ssiwoinlsg lod own atc urrernatt eTsh.e6f acrte maitnhsa fto relsotsd sa ta
from1 ,20m0i llitoonn neosf c arboenq uivalteon8 t0 0 int hew orlids s tielxlt rempeoloyra ndi ti sd ifficult
millitoonnn eAss.a resuBlrta ziclo'nst ribtuott ihoenn e t tou sei tfo arn ys eotf c alculaotfic oanrsb eomni ssions
emissioonfcs a rbodni oxitdoet hea tmosphewrielg lo
tot hes amel eveolfp recisaisof no ssfiuleu ls ed ata.
downf rom ne1a5rp leyr c entto 1 0.p5e rc ent.
Them ethainses ruaei sfeusr tqhueers toifjo unsst aincde
Takintgh ea veragaen nuaels timaftoefr o relsots isn
moralCiatnyw .e r ealelqyu atthece a rbdoino xciodnet ri­
Amazono vert hed ecad1e9 78t o1 988t,h ef iguorfe
butioonfg sa gs uzzlaiuntgo mobiinEl uesr oapned N orth
carbodni oxiedmei ssiiosnfs u rthreerdu cteod3 80m illion
tonneosfc arboenq uivalTehnent e.t e missioofn s carbon Ameriocraf, o trh amta tter, ainnyt whhTeeh rierW do rld
dioxifdreo mB razwiillt lh egno d ownt oo nl5y. 6p erc ent witthh mee thaenmei ssoifod nrsa ugchatt atnlder ificeel ds
oft hew or'lsd totcaalr bodni oxiedmei ssioTnhse.s hare ofs ubsisftaernmceeir nWs es tB engoarlT hail?a Dnod
of developicnogu ntrioefs c arbodni oxidaen d all thepseeo pnloeht a vaer igtholt i ?v Beutn oe ffohratbs e en
greenhougsaese missiwoinlasll sgoo d ownd ramaticallym.a dein WRI ' sr epotrost e paroauttte h 'es urvival emis­
Thea ccuraocfyd eforestaetsitoinm atfeosro ther
sionosft' h peo ofrr,o tmh 'el uxeumryi ssiooftn hsre'i ch.
developing ciosau lnstvore ireuysn certIanim na.n yc ases
Juswth akti nodf p oliotrim cosr aliistt hyi wsh icmha s­
iti sb aseod na ni ndependeesntti maotfet eonr iginating
queraidnest hnea meo f' onweo rldiasnmd'' h igh minded
froam p apeprr esenatetad c onfereonrca e l onseu rvey.
internationalism'?
Andw hilteh eriesa tendentcoyo verstdaetfeo restation
rateisnd evelopcionugn trtiheesr iesa lsao cleacra se
CSE'csa lculations
ofu nderstatewmheennit ct o mest ot hed evelopceodu n­
trieTsh.e rwea s,t husn,o f oredsets trucotrid oanm age
CSE'asn alyspirse sentiendt hirse pordto esn ot
ina nyd eveloped coluinkUteSr SiRe,sU SAo rA ustralia.
questitohned attah aWtR Ih asu setdo c alculeaatceh
Surelthyi isnf,o thienlgs mea,k esa mockeroyfW RI's
countrpyr'osd uctoifco anr bodni oxiadnedm ethane,
claitmh a"tg lobwaalr minigsa trugllyo bpahle nomenon
inb otcha usaen dp otenteifafle cItti" s.i ndeead g lobal event hougahs a rgueadb ovteh edye finictaenlb ye
phenomenionne ffe-c-atlolf u sw ilslu ffebru-tc- aused questioYneetCd S.E 'asn alysshiosw Isn diaan dC hina
.
byt hew ilfouvle rconsumpotfai foenw p,a rticutlhaer ly cannobteb lamefdo ranyo ft hem ethanec a.robro n
societthya WtR Ic omesf rom. dioxitdhea itsa ppeariinntg h ea tmosphere.
5
Methanper o:b leimnse stimatai lnogot f h ota ir eacha nimaela tsT.h eb iggeesatt earrse d aircyo wsw hich
receitvher etei metsh eimra intenalnecveef le edC.o nse­
Methaniesr eleasteotd h ea tmosphetrher ouag vha riety
quentClryu,t zeesnt imattheastt h ea veragmee thanper o­
ofh umana ctiviAtciceosr.d itnotg h ee stimatients h e
ductiionnt hec attolfei ndustricaoluinsterdii seh si ghe-r-.
WorlRde sourcIenss tit(uWtReIr )e porta,l mos4t0 per
abou5t5 kgp era nimaple ry ear- -asc omparetdot he
cenitse stimattoec do mef rolme akagdeusr ihnagr cdo al
developcionugn tcrayt twlhei,c ihs a bou3t5 k gp erc attle
mininagn dn aturgaalse xploraatnidot nr ansportaast ion
headp ery earT.h iiss pabretclayu sae l argpeo rtioofTn h ird
welals f roumr balna ndfainldls se wagpel antTsh.er est
\Norlcda ttalreek epfto drr augphutr posreast htehra mne at
comesf roamn aerofbeircm entaitnii rorni graitcefedi elds _
orm ilka,n da ren otf attenleidkd ea ircyo wsB.u ti ti sn ot
and·f romt hee nteric fermeonrst taotmiaocngh,a s'o f cleahro wC rutzheans e stimattehdia sv erage.
livestock.
On thibsa sisC,r utzecna lculattheastt o taaln imal
Howr eliaabrlete h ee stimaotfem se thaneem issions
methanper oductiisao bno uetq ualllayr gfer omd eveloped
froml ivestoorcp ka ddfyi eludnsl itkhee l eakagferso m
andd evelopcionugn trOinet sh.ec ontraWrRyI,c alculations
natural gas pipelimneetsh?a npAern oidmuaclt iiso n
showt halti vestoofcd ke velopcionugn traicecso unfto r
dependeonntb otthh et ypoef a nimaaln dt heq ualiatnyd
rough6l0yp erc enotf t het otaanli mamle thangee nerated
quantiotfyf eedf edt oi tM.o's td evelopcionugn try
int hew orlTdh.i dsi screpainntc hyet wof iguroersi ginating
governmendtos n otk nowh ow mucha ndw hatt heir
fromt hes ameb asisco urciesh ardt oe xplain.
animaelast I.n I ndifao,ri nstantcheea, v ailafbilgeu res
Thed iscrepancbye t mhaerye suolftt h eca ttploep ulation
area tb esat g uesstimbaatsee,od n a fewr andosmt udies
estimatbeyCd r utzaesna gaintshta tta kebny W RIw hich
ofh owu nderfceadt tfloer afgoetr h esiurr vivThaeln.h ow
isf romF AO.F AOp uttsh et otcaalt tploep ulatiin1o 9n8 8
dow e finodu th owm ucht hec attle, agnodsa htese,op f
at1 ,30m0i llbiuotnt hep ercentoafgi en dustricaoluinsterdy
theT hirWdo rledm iit nt ermosf g.a setsh acta na ffect
cattilsre o ughhlaylt fh aotfd evelopcionugn tcrayt twlhei,c h
climacthea ng?e
Crutzteank eass a lmosetq uaAlc.c orditnoFg A O,i ndus­
TheW RIa ndt heI nternatPiroonjaeflco tSr u stainabl!e
rialicsoeudn tcrayt tnluem bere4d0 4m illwihoinl dee velop­
EnergPya th(sI PSErPe)p ordtesp enodn a singalp ea per
Ingc ountcrayt twleer e8 60m illiIonn1 .9 88d,e veloping
byP .JC.r utzaennd o theprusb lisihnea d j ourncaall led
countriseusp portae dt otaolf 2 ,70m0i llihoena dso f
Tellufso rt heimre thancea lculatWiRoIn hsa.s u sed
livestwohcikli en dustricaoluinsterdhi aed1s ,40m0i llion. But
precistehlioysn es ourcteop repagrleo beaslt imaotfe s
ther atoioft otal ctaolt itvlees tcoactktw laes t hes ame- -
animamle thanper oductbiaosne do,f c ours1e1 0tnh e
' 30 perc ent- -inb othc asesS.o ,a ccorditnoWg R I,w ith
specifoifce sa chc ountrayn'ism ahlu sbandprryactices
rough6l7yp erc enotf t hew orldl'isv estaoncd6k 8 p erc ent
andt hen aturaen dq ualiotffy e eadv ailabNloed "e.t ails
thew orldc'ast tdleev,e lopcionugn trgie�nse rat6e0dp er
haveb eeng iveans t ow hatt hessep ecifairces.
c�nto ft hew orlda'nsn uaplr oductoifoa nn imamle thane.
Accorditnotg h ed etaiolfCs r utz'se sntudpyu blished
G1vetnh el owm ethanyei elodfsm ostl ivestl�ickgkeo ats
byI PSEPc,a ttalreeb yf atrh em osti mportsaonutr cfeo r
ands heepa ndt hel owearv eragyei elodfsd eveloping
animamle thanAel.m os7t5 p erc enotf a laln imarle lated
countcrayt ttlhei,ds o esn ots eemr ighBtu.ti ti sd iffitcou lt
methanceo mesf romt hew orld1', s3 moioll ihoena dosf
saya nythicnogn cretuenllye dsest aoiflW sR I'csa lculations
cattle. dCoamtitnlaeit nem ethane prodnuoctto inolny
area vailable.
becausteheeya tm oreb,u ta lsboe causteh ediirg estive
syste1.ms s ucht haat largferra ctoifot nh eifre eda nd BeefC onsumption
foddeirs c onvertetdo m ethanteh ano thearn imals Oncei tis a ccepttehda atn imamle thandeo esc ontritbou te
d
AccorditnoCg r utzeena,c hh eado fc attilnet hew orl globwaalr mintgh,eo bvioquuse stiloinei sn whoautg htto
emi�t 45k go fm ethanoen,a na verageev,e ryye arB.u t be donea bouitt ?D oesa ctiolni ien r educilnigv estock
they 1eldde pendasl soon t heq ualiatnyda mounotff eed herdsI?fs o,t heonn w hatb asisA?c corditnoIg P SEPo,n e
Tabl1e
NaturSailn kosf G reenhouGsaes es
WRIE stimates1 IPSEPe stimates2
Greenhouse TotaAlm ount NetE missions AmounAtb sorbbeydt he Natural sink
Gases Produced tot heA tmosphere worldE'nsv ironment available3
million million million million million million million
tonnes tonneosf tonnes tonneosf tonnes tonneosf tonnes
oft he carbon oft he carbon oft he carbon oft he
gas equivalentg as equivalentg as equivalentg as
Carbodni oxide 31,100 8,500 13,600 3,700 17,500 4',800 15,000
Methane 255 4,800 43 800 212 4,000 213
CFCs 772 1,400 772 1,400 Nil Nil Nil
Total 14,700 5,900 8,800
Note:s 1 WRI:W orlRde sourcIenss titute.
:
IPSEPl:�t ern�antailP rojeocntS ofEtn ergPya ths.
Natursa1ln akv atla= bTloet anla tursailn -kP roductfiroonmn atursaolu rces.
6
way mttiiog atthee esmesi sioisnid sne etdor educcaet tlcea brodni xdoiee msiisofnrsot mh ecsoeu inetKsre.e npgi
heradnsbd e ecfo nmsptuioBnu.ti a,td dtsh,ae tc iloine sa ltlh efsaec·ti onr sm IiSPnEdPh, a si,nf a cstu,g gested
moer in itnhudesi tiarslecdo uinetasrn dn tos o cmhiu n thta caml aitteab xei pmosoendb eecfo nspuitmointn h e
devlpeoincgo uinetsPr.er c apimteata conusmpitoins riccoh utrnies.
currneyts lxit mieshg iherit nh feom re(r7 k8g /yaesca ro)m ­ Deevolpicnognu tr,oi net she hotanhdce,ar nn toa fford
parteotd h e latktge/ryseMa o(rr1)er4.ow, vh eilcea ppietra t or decuet ehicra tptolpletua oinas si nt hseec ouinetsr
conmsptuiiotnnh dee vleopceodu inethsrsa r isbey2n 0p er cattlaem upcblhora adye sre otff n utcointsh nja ugsitv ing
cenitn ltah1se5ty eairhtssa ,s tgantaeidn TthhdiWe ro rld.m eaotrm i.lC kattlef eiidrtlzutenhsgfe i eldpsr oavnidd es
Thei deoafb eerfeu dtcioinn itnhudes tirsiewadol rld,e ngeyrt oc oofko .oC dalteti,nf acptal,ya v itraolli en
accdoirntgoI SPEP ailssr oaei lsct aisp eoplient hesem atianiignns ofirteliit lyim na ndye vlpeoicnognu tsrT.ih ee
couinetcsro snumsee vaeltrm iesm ormee tat hatnh e draupgohwtpe rro vtihdfeea sr mweirtab ha sIinctpf uor
minimoufam b o3u0tg mp edra yrc eomemndefdo ar agcruilret,tu hurspe,al cnigt htear ctoIrnI. dn iaf,o r
baleadnn covne-egtaanrdei itA. 5 0p ecren dte creiatnes h e intsantcheie,nt sallecda payoc fti htaeni malblao ufro rce
pecra pictoanm sptuoino fb eewfou dl stilla mpallel oewq uleald·t hteo tiantlsa lclaepda cfioetrely c tproiwce r·
spupileosfd ayip rroduwchitlrsede ucitenht go taanilam l -geneartoinI nt hceo unitntrh yee a lr1y9 80sa.d idotInin,
methnaep ordutocinb y p4er0c entM.o reorveuedtrci,io nn thcea ltept rovmiidlhekd ie,as n mde at.
beecfon supimtowno dun ltor eudcoev realml etac onmspu­
PaddyM ethane
tiovner syu sbtantIinWa elslGtye .mr anyf,oi rsn tnac,e
peoepc lonsuemda buot90 k go fm eapter p ersoin1n 984 Esitmtaimnegt hapnored tuciforno irmri gartiefcdile ed s
ona veraOgnyel2 .5p ecre notft shm ieacta mferm o cattlei.es quatlrliyEcs kimtya.t oefsm etahnfer ormi fciee ilnd s
But thceat ltsceao mnese ud7m 5p erc enotft hteo .fteaeld thweo lrda rbea esdo ns omtew oor tr heset dueis,a nd
anfdo ddaenerdm itt7e5dp ecren to ft haeni mmaelt hnae. aldlo nietn hdee velcoopueindet IsrSP.E Pf,oi rn sctea,n
TheI PSPE repaolrtse ost imtahttia ebfse ecfo nmspu­ depenodnrs e seadrocnihen 1 98b4y W .S eialnedr
tiwoansr eplabcype odrt khn em ethaenmei sswioolunds othsei rnS pna.iW RId epenodnas no thpearp ceora u­
drodpr atmicalyala sp ipgrsu ocdvee rlyi mtettlheea .Int nh ta theodrb yW .S elieirn1 98w6h iecshmt aitemset hea n
casmee,a cto nusmptiwooundl ntob ea ffeactta e.ld l emsisnisfo rmo Itlairainpc aed dTyhs.eef iregsuh vaet hen
Eantgli ebsese ft hbreyi c cah,tn hulse,a d thoe tabhle tbteeree nx atprlotaebdy W RIf odre vleopcionutgrn .i es
anadb etattemrpo hserIewt.o dua llsloe atdob etltaenr d Buhto we xaccatsn u cahne sitmtoainb e? O nea,s
mangaemebnetc aubeseepf r uotdciiosnp a crultairllayn d yeutn pluibsshutedddy o nienI dnisaoh wst htat ehse
ienntsei.Av sl anidss htoi rnse vedreavle lcoopnuetdr, i esfirgeucso ubledw elolf tfh mea rakst ehraer vea oruis
a gredaetla· o ft hfee ecdo nmseudi nt hecsoeu ine,ts r factboerssiw daetswe hirc lhe atdom ethnaeg enertaion
parutallircyi nE uorpe,i sp ucrhasefdr odme vleonpgi inr ifceil edFs.oi rnt asnce,t hIedn iasnt udy tfhtia nds
coutnirewsh eeg rlaolmb akreptr seseusra rfeoc rinlga nd methainsheg i hldye pnedeonntt hnea rteuo ft hseo .i l
awafyrm o sbusistfeamnricneag n idon c taschr oipnp-g­ Priemlairnyd atac ollectbeytd hCeo uinlcf or
ap rocaetestnsd awnitte hnr omuoss ocainaedlc logoicalS cieinftaincId n udstrRieasle a(rCcIShRh )a isn cdaited
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pecre .(n2mt1i ltloinnosen)o f i tfse egdar ifnrsmo thTehi dr istr heet on niem iltloinosnn oe fm ethaenaceh y ear
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emtitianngil msIa.nC entArmearli bceae,pf r otdiufocron esimtatoefs evteno4 9m iolntl oinnes.
expotr tthoh ea mbguersr hopso ft hUeS h as lteoa d Obvuilsoya,l omtoe rs cifeiwncotk rii nse edbeedf ore
extneseid versutocnto ifto rpailfco relsaetdsi,in tng u,nr t,o golbavla luceasbn e c altceuadln aadtc iosngusg ested.
Asa seniUoNrE Po ffichiaaspl u ti tn,a tusreer ves Thee arthe'nsv ironmheansat c onsideraabbillei ty
twom ajoerc onomfiucn cti-o-onnse a,s a sourcoef toa bsorwba steTsh.eo ceainsa ni mportsainntfk o r
rawm ateriaanlds, t wo,a sa sinkf ora bsorbinga bsorbcianrgb odni oxipdreo ductehdr oughhu man
wastes.9 activAictcyo.r ditnotg h ee stin1oaftt ehseI ntergov­
Idealtlhyea, p proaschho ulhda veb eetn op repare ernmentPaaln elo n ClimatCeh anget,h eo cean
eacnha tiobnu'dsg eotfg reenhoguassee m issiboyn s absorbed, tdhue1r 9i8n0gcs a,r bodni oxitdote h et une
takiinngt aoc couenatc nha tisoonu rcoefse missionso f1 20t0o 2 80m0i llitoonn neosfc arboenq uivalent
andi tst errestsriinaklts h,a its i,t sf oresottsh,e r everyye arT.h erceo uladl sboe t erresstirnikafslo r
vegetatainodsn o ilTsh.i esx ercwiosuel dh aveg iven carbodni oxibduets cientific kanboowultteh degme
ani deoaf t he termuies sioofne sa chn atioTnh.e se iss tiulnlc ertTahienv .a riomuosd eplr eparweodr ld­
emissiownosu ldh avet ob ef urthmeart chewdi th widef ore stimattihnega ccumulatoifoc na rbon
eachn ation'sa njdfu asitsr h aroef t heo ceanaincd dioxiidnet hea tmosphreervee aa slu bstan'tmiiasls -
trdposphseirnik-cs- a commonh eritaofgh eu man­ .i ngs inkw'h ichs cientnioswt bse liecvoeu lbed a
kindO.n lyt hetnh en ete missioofna sn atitohna atr e terresstirniTkah.le p redicatmeodu notfc arbodni ox­
acc'urnuliantt ihneag t mosphceoruel bde c alculateidd.ie n creianst eh ea tmosphsehroeu lbdei dealelqyu al
Butn othionfgt hisso rhta sb eena ttemptbeyWd R I. tot hea mounotf c arbodni oxiedmei ttbeydh uman-
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