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Global Tensions in the Russian Orthodox Diaspora This book explores the tensions that have arisen in the diaspora as a result of large numbers of Russian migrants entering established overseas parishes following the collapse of the Soviet Union. These tensions, made more fervent by the increasing role of the Church as part of the expression of Russian identity and by the Church’s entry into the global ‘culture wars’, carry with them alternative views of a range of key issues – cosmopolitanism versus reservation, liberalism versus conservatism and ecumenism versus dogmatism. The book focuses on particular disputes, discusses the broader debates and examines the wider context of how the Russian Orthodox Church is evolving overall. Robert Collins completed his doctorate at Birkbeck, University of London, UK, in 2021. He is now working on a study of Slavophile historiography in relation to Christian eschatology and today’s global culture wars. Routledge Religion, Society and Government in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet States Series Editor Lucian Leustean is Reader in Politics and International Relations at Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom This Series seeks to publish high quality monographs and edited volumes on religion, society and government in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet States by focusing primarily on three main themes: the history of churches and religions (including, but not exclusively, Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Buddhism) in relation to governing structures, social groupings and political power; the impact of intellectual ideas on religious structures and values; and the role of religions and faith-based communities in fostering national identities from the nineteenth cen- tury until today. The Series aims to advance the latest research on these themes by exploring the multi-facets of religious mobilisation at local, national and supranational levels. It particularly welcomes studies which offer an interdisciplinary approach by drawing on the fields of history, politics, international relations, religious studies, theology, law, sociology and anthropology. Orthodox Christianity and the Politics of Transition Ukraine, Serbia and Georgia Tornike Metreveli Religion and Politics in Contemporary Russia Beyond the Binary of Power and Authority Tobias Köllner The Secret Police and the Religious Underground in Communist and Post- Communist Eastern Europe James A. Kapaló and Kinga Povedák Communism, Atheism and the Orthodox Church of Albania Cooperation, Survival and Suppression, 1945–1967 Artan R. Hoxha Global Tensions in the Russian Orthodox Diaspora Robert Collins Global Tensions in the Russian Orthodox Diaspora Robert Collins First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Robert Collins The right of Robert Collins to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-032-31401-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-31402-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-30956-7 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003309567 Typeset in Goudy by Apex CoVantage, LLC For Fiona Contents Acknowledgements viii List of abbreviations ix A note on transliteration and convention x Introduction 1 1 The Sourozh crisis in context 14 2 Analogous crises and their historical genesis 42 3 Enculturation and preservation: macrocosmic themes 99 4 Enculturation and preservation: praxis and devotion 127 5 T he Russian Orthodox diaspora and the Russian World: Church and State 163 6 T he Russian Orthodox diaspora and the Russian World: a global mandate 193 7 A comparative diaspora: The Armenian Apostolic Church and the Soviet legacy 219 8 Conclusion 231 Epilogue 240 Primary sources and bibliography 250 Index 275 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Prof. Orlando Figes for initially sparking my interest in Rus- sian history and for his patience and insight as I struggled over the years to make sense of a rather amorphous subject. Also, Dr. Lucian Leustean at Aston University and Routledge for his swift and detailed readings and amends of the manuscript prior to publication. Finally, I would like to thank Peter Sowden at Routledge for his readings and comments, especially in regard to making the manuscript more amenable to the general academic reader. Abbreviations DECR Department for External Church Relations OCA Orthodox Church in America OCAD Online Collection of Archival Documents (see Bibliography) MFA (Russian) Ministry of Foreign Affairs NA National Archives (see Bibliography) OCU O rthodox Church of Ukraine (under Metropolitan Epiphany Dumenko) ROC Russian Orthodox Church ROCOR Russian Orthodox Church Abroad UOC-KP Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kiev Patriarchate) UOC-MP Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)