Global Security Engagement: A New Model for Cooperative Threat Reduction

181 Pages·2009·0.94 MB·English

by  Committee on Strengthening and Expanding the Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Program

Committee on Strengthening and Expanding the Department of Defense
Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
Committee on International Security and Arms Control
Policy and Global Affairs
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chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract No. DTRAA01-02-D0003, DO#8 between the
National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Defense. Any opinions,
fndings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the
author(s) and do not necessarily refect the views of the organizations or agencies that
provided support for the project.
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COMMITTEE ON STRENGTHENING AND EXPANDING THE
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE COOPERATIVE
THREAT REDUCTION PROGRAM
DAVID R. FRANz (Co-Chair), Midwest Research Institute
RONALD LEHMAN (Co-Chair), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
ROBERT B. BARkER, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (retired)
WILLIAM F. BURNS, U.S. Army War College
ROSE E. GOTTEMOELLER, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
JOHN HAMRE, Center for Strategic and International Studies
ROBERT JOSEPH, National Institute for Public Policy
ORDE kITTRIE, Arizona State University
JAMES LEDUC, Galveston National Laboratory
RICHARD W. MIES, private consultant
JUDITH MILLER, Manhattan Institute
GEORGE W. PARSHALL, Du Pont (retired)
THOMAS R. PICkERING, Hills & Company, International Consultants
kIM SAVIT, University of Denver and private consultant
National Research Council Staff
ANNE HARRINGTON, Study Director, Committee on International
Security and Arms Control
RITA S. GUENTHER, Senior Program Associate, Committee on
International Security and Arms Control
BENJAMIN J. RUSEk, Senior Program Associate, Committee on
International Security and Arms Control
LA’FAyE LEWIS-OLIVER, Administrative Coordinator
yOUSAF BUTT, Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy
Graduate Fellow
CLARk CULLy, Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy
Graduate Fellow
JESSICA MEISNER, Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy
Graduate Fellow
Preface
The success of the Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Reduction
(DOD CTR) program at the end of the Cold War was not a foregone conclu-
sion. The program to reduce weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threats
was a bold idea in a time of transition and uncertainty. The risks seemed every
bit as evident as the benefts. Generating action throughout an overburdened
U.S. government at a time of budget cuts and change required an agility sel-
dom found except in times of great urgency. Placing the initial responsibility
for CTR in DOD and drawing upon the organizational energy of the one
department most practiced at rapid mobilization of resources was a primary
reason for the early success of CTR. Because DOD had, through its regional
political-military responsibilities and arms control coordination, diverse skills,
experienced people, and a habit of interagency networking when confronted
with new challenges, the program took off. Quickly, other departments and
organizations were participating as well.
While not on the scale of the Marshall Plan, history will record that the
DOD CTR—or Nunn-Lugar Program—also generated great hope and stabil-
ity in a time of political and economic crisis and then provided the resources
for cooperation to former Cold War adversaries to enhance the well-being
of all. Over time, many of its revolutionary activities became routine, and as
such came to refect all the advantages and disadvantages of being taken for
granted. Bureaucratization, micromanagement, and the Washington turf wars
invited rigorous measures of merit even as bigger questions were asked about
the appropriateness of the program for today’s circumstances. Still, scholars and
policy makers continue to speculate on how bad the outcomes might have been
had a CTR program not been created in 1992.
In the years ahead, we face new challenges for which tools originally
developed by the DOD CTR program and then in the Departments of State
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and Energy, and elsewhere, may again be mobilized along with new tools that
are desperately needed. Whether the long-run trend for most of the world is
toward greater security, prosperity, and freedom is unclear, and many parts of
the world seem destined toward turmoil and violence with a global impact.
The advance and spread of dual-use technology will increasingly make access to
highly destructive or disruptive technology easier and cheaper for small coun-
tries and smaller groups of nonstate actors. No “silver bullet” is likely. It is in
this context that the committee believes a fresh look at DOD’s CTR program
is most warranted.
In its own work, the committee recognized that many CTR tools had
already been modifed to meet evolving circumstances. In considering how
these CTR tools might be exploited further, members of the committee began
to refer to proposed enhancements as CTR 2.0. This shorthand, drawn from the
software industry, refected both step-by-step problem solving and the ongo-
ing applicability of many existing CTR approaches to new challenges and new
regions. While acknowledging existing momentum, however, the term CTR 2.0
came to refect also the committee’s conclusion that a more aggressive upgrade
to CTR was needed. To meet the magnitude of new security challenges, par-
ticularly at the nexus of WMD and terrorism, more and more deeply embedded
cooperation involving security and threat reduction is vital. This requires more
than small fxes.
Our conclusion is that a bold vision is again required and that DOD and
the entire U.S. government should reexamine what CTR has already accom-
plished and refocus efforts to promote global security engagement in the 21st
century.
Ronald F. Lehman David R. Franz
Co-chair Co-chair
A Note on Terminology
The committee responsible for this report discovered early in its discus-
sions that the terminology used to describe Cooperative Threat Reduction
(CTR) program activities was varied and often confusing. Some call CTR the
Nunn-Lugar Program, others associate CTR primarily with the Department
of Defense, and in recent years CTR has been used generically to refer to the
broad group of CTR programs spread across U.S. government departments
and agencies. To facilitate its discussions, the committee established a set of
terms that it uses throughout this report. In considering how best to express its
vision of a future version of CTR, the committee concluded that an expression
borrowed from the software industry that refers to a new version of an existing
program is a useful way to describe the more advanced and comprehensive
approach to cooperative threat reduction that is advocated in this report.
CTR – generic reference to cooperative threat reduction
CTR 1.0 – the original cooperative threat reduction program developed at the
end of the Cold War and implemented by multiple U.S. government programs
in the former Soviet Union
CTR 2.0 – a set of programs and projects to be undertaken by the U.S. govern-
ment, as part of a cooperative network that includes a wide range of countries,
international organizations, and nongovernment partners, to prevent, reduce,
mitigate, or eliminate common threats to U.S. national security and global sta-
bility that have emerged since the end of the Cold War
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