Global Resources: Conflict and Cooperation PDF
Preview Global Resources: Conflict and Cooperation
The Palgrave Macmillan Global Resources Conflict and Cooperation Editedby Roland Dannreuther and Wojciech Ostrowski Global Resources This page intentionally left blank Global Resources Conflict and Cooperation Editedby Roland Dannreuther ProfessorofInternationalRelations,UniversityofWestminster,UK and Wojciech Ostrowski ResearchFellowinInternationalPoliticsofEnergyandMineralResources, CentreforEnergy,PetroleumandMineralLawPolicy,UniversityofDundee,UK Editorialmatter,selection,introductionandconclusion ©RolandDannreutherandWojciechOstrowski2013 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN978–0–230–36050–1 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. ISBN 978-1-349-34782-7 ISBN 978-1-137-34914-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137349149 Contents ListofFiguresandTables vii Acknowledgements viii ListofAbbreviations ix NotesonContributors xi Introduction:TheDynamicsofConflictandCooperation 1 RolandDannreuther Part I HistoricalLegacies 1 HistoryoftheInternationalOilIndustry 13 PaulStevens 2 Minerals:IndustryHistoryandFaultLinesofConflict 33 DavidHumphreys 3 HistoryoftheGasIndustry 59 ChrisCragg Part II TheoreticalFrameworks 4 GeopoliticsandInternationalRelationsofResources 79 RolandDannreuther 5 ThePoliticalEconomyofGlobalResources 98 WojciechOstrowski Part III Companies,ContractsandCommunities 6 Corporationsvs.StatesintheShapingofGlobalOilRegimes 119 GiacomoLuciani 7 Communities:ACaseStudyofOilSandsinNigeria 140 MurtalaChindoandMichaelBradshaw 8 SectorLegalFrameworksandResourcePropertyRights 159 EvelynDietsche v vi Contents Part IV Scarcity,TechnologyandFutureSupply 9 PeakOil:MythorImpendingDoom? 187 PatrickCriqui 10 PeakGas:TechnologyandEnvironmentalConsequences 206 ArielBergmann 11 MineralDepletionandPeakProduction 222 MagnusEricssonandPatrikSöderholm Conclusion:ReconceptualizingtheDynamicsofConflict andCooperation 232 WojciechOstrowski Bibliography 238 Index 266 Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 Copperpricesince1950inrealUSdollarterms 38 2.2 CoppermineproductioninAfrica 41 2.3 China’sshareofglobalmineraldemand 49 2.4 Terraconcentration 54 7.1 Thestagesoftheminingcycle 144 7.2 ThefragmentationofoilbasedonAPIoilclassification 151 8.1 Thefourtiersofsectorlegalframeworks 161 9.1 Hubbert’s(1956)curvesandactualUSlower48production 189 9.2 Oilinplace,recoverableresources,cumulativeproduction andreserves 191 9.3 Conventionalandnon-conventionalliquidhydrocarbons 197 10.1 Unproventechnicallyrecoverableshalegasreserves(trillion cubicfeet) 208 10.2 Naturalgasproductionbysource,1990–2035 209 10.3 Geologyofnaturalgasresources 211 Tables 7.1 Perceptionsofenvironmentalimpactsofoilsands 154 8.1 Differencesinconstitutionalprovisions 163 8.2 Variationsinsectorlegislationacrosstheoilandgasand mineralssectors 166 8.3 Sectorandregionaldifferencesintheuseofcontractsand agreements 171 9.1 Cumulativeproduction,reserves,discoveriesandresources revisited 192 vii Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge that this book is, in substan- tial part, an outcome of the EU Project for Natural Resources (Polinares), whichwasfundedthroughtheEuropeanCommission’s7thFrameworkPro- gramme(projectnumber224156).ParticularthanksgotoDomenicoRossetti di Valdalbero, Principal Administrator for DG Research at the European Commission, and Philip Andrews-Speed, the scientific coordinator for the project. Theauthorsandpublishersaregratefultothefollowingforpermissionto reproducecopyrightmaterial: GoldmanSachsforExhibit4,fromJefferyCurrieetal.,TheRevengeoftheOld ‘Political’Economy,GoldmanSachs,14March2008. viii Abbreviations ANC AfricanNationalCongress ARAMCO ArabianAmericanOilCompany ASPO AssociationfortheStudyofPeakOilandGas BHP BrokenHillProprietary CCGT CombinedCycleGasTurbine CERA CambridgeEnergyResearchAssociates CFP CompagnieFrançaisedesPétroles CIC ChinaInvestmentCorporation CNMC ChinaNonferrousMetalsCorporation CNOOC ChinaNationalOffshoreOilCorporation CRS CorporateSocialResponsibility CVRD CompanhiaValedoRioDoce ECT EuropeanCharterTreaty EIA EnergyInformationAdministration(US) EITI ExtractiveIndustriesTransparencyInitiative EOR EnhancedOilRecovery EPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(US) ERCB EnergyResourcesConservationBoard(Canada) FIRB ForeignInvestmentReviewBoard(Australia) FRELIMO LiberationFrontofMozambique FSU FormerSovietUnion GCC GulfCooperationCouncil GHG GreenhouseGas IEA InternationalEnergyAgency IEF InternationalEnergyForum IFPEN IFPEnergiesNouvelles IIED InternationalInstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopment IMF InternationalMonetaryFund IOCs InternationalOilCompanies IPC IraqPetroleumCompany IPCC IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange IPO InitialPublicOffering ISI ImportSubstitutionIndustrialisation JOA Joint-OperatingAgreements JODI JointOilDataInitiative JV JointVenture KIO KuwaitInvestmentOffice KOC KuwaitOilCompany ix
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