Global Public Health: Ecological Foundations

378 Pages·2013·3.363 MB·English

by  Franklin White, Lorann Stallones, John M. Last

GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH
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Global Public Health
ECOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
Franklin White
Lorann Stallones
John Last
1
3
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
White, Franklin, 1946-
Global public health : ecological foundations / Franklin White, Lorann Stallones, John Last.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–19–975190–7 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978–0–19–987699–0 (ebook)
I. Stallones, Lorann. II. Last, John M., 1926- III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. World Health. 2. Ecological and Environmental Processes. 3. Public Health. WA 530.1]
362.1—dc23
2012032257

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
To our readers: the next generation of public health practitioners, whose decisions
and actions will help secure sound public health capacities for all settings and a
sustainable future globally.
To our families, past and present, for their supportive infl uence:
Franklin White—my long-deceased father, Professor Frank T.M. White, a
mining and metallurgical engineer and geophysicist with a global outlook, who
was determined to avoid what he saw as the “trap” of developing only within one
culture, whether institution or country; my late mother, Tessie Marian, who built
a loving, stable home for our family in several countries, and who expressed her
appreciation of nature in her paintings; my sister, the late Hilary White-Nunn, a
social worker and community development specialist who tirelessly challenged the
status quo; my children Genevieve, Bernard, and Alexander, for ongoing inspiration
as they shape their own lives in new directions; and my spouse, Debra Nanan, for
her unfl inching support and wise counsel, a best friend and worthy colleague.
Lorann Stallones—my father, the late Dr. Reuel A Stallones (“Stony” to his friends
and colleagues), for serving as a mentor, advisor, and phenomenal teacher who
showed me the magic world of public health; my mother, the late Joyce Graves
Walchko, a grassroots activist helping women in Texas locate safe abortion clinics
in Mexico during a dark time when abortions were illegal; and my children, the
late John Byler Nuckols, who was so much like Stony in his love of learning how
everything works and of books, Erin Lorann Nuckols, who is on a path to fi nd a
more sustainable way of preserving our historical buildings and our future through
living a green life, and Jesse Marie Nuckols, who deeply understands how to value and
love all people, especially those with special needs who see the world in unique ways.
John Last — To my family, and in loving memory of Wendy.
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Contents
Preface xiii
1. History, Aims, and Methods of Public Health 1
Defi nitions of Health 2
A Brief History of Public Health 3
Defi ning the Magnitude of the Problem 6
Determining the Causes, Risks, Protective Factors, and Population
Aff ected 8
Safe Environments 9
Occupation and Disease 9
Th eories about Cause 10
Develop, Implement, and Evaluate Prevention Programs 12
Sanitation, Hygiene, and Health 12
Enhanced Immunity 14
Nutrition 16
Prudent and Accessible Health Care 18
Th e Modern History of Public Health 22
Disciplines in Public Health 24
Conclusion 25
2. Ecology and Public Health—Th e Science Base 26
Biological Environment 26
Physical Environment 29
Social Environment 31
Measuring Health 33
vii
viii Contents
Health Information Systems 34
Evidence-Based Public Health 34
Standards of Evidence 34
Aim of Evidence-Based Practice 36
Community-Based Participatory Research 38
Competencies in Public Health 38
Conclusion 40
3. Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Public Health 54
Ethical Th eory 55
Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Article 25 56
Ethical Guidelines 58
Quarantine and Emergency Preparedness 60
Ethics and Environmental Health 62
Environmental Ethics 65
Mandatory or Voluntary Consent for Newborn Screening 66
Public Health Genomics 67
Moral and Political Responsibility for Childhood Obesity 68
Triage in Public Health Emergencies 69
Conclusion 70
4. Community Foundations of Public Health 73
What Are Communities? 73
Why “Community Health”? 74
How Does Community Health Diff er from Public Health and
Hospital Services? 76
Nongovernmental Organizations and Voluntarism as a Community Force 77
Community-Based Health Services 78
New Trends in Organizational Forms and Functions—Shift ing Sands 81
Community Health as a Vital Ingredient in Health Reform 82
Fundamentals of Community Health—A Synthesis 87
Planning to Involve Communities 88
Th e Social-Ecological Model of Relationships 89
Involving Communities in Th eir Health—Selected Case Studies 91
Th e Importance of Leadership 101
Scaling Up: When Does It Apply, and How Can We Do It? 102
Sustainable Communities 103
Acknowledging Community Development—a Legacy 105
5. Assessing Population Health 106
Demography, Health Situation Analysis, and Public Health Surveillance 106
Role of Demography in Population Health 107
Contents ix
Population Pyramids 108
Selected Demographic Case Studies 113
Case Study #1: Shift s in Sex Ratios in Asia 113
Case Study #2: Changing Ethnic Composition in the United States 115
Global Demographic and Population Health Resources Online 117
Decoding Global Health Patterns: Population Transition
Th eories 118
Th e Health of Populations: Moving from Assessment to Action 120
Health Situation Analysis 121
Data Sources for Health Situation Analysis 122
Linking Health Situation Analysis to Public Health Action 128
Moving from Assessment to Action—Global Perspective 131
Th e Millennium Development Goals 131
Public Health Surveillance 134
6. Integrated Approaches to Disease Prevention and Control 144
O verlaps and Interactions Across Disease Groupings 1 46
Creating Useful Public Health Interventions 148
Epidemiological Transition Th eory: Double Burdens and Unfi nished
Agendas 150
Natural History of Disease 1 52
Levels of Prevention 154
Primary Prevention 155
A Case Study of Primary Prevention—Iodine Defi ciency Disorders 156
What Ingredients Enabled this Global Elimination Initiative? 158
Secondary Prevention 159
Tertiary Prevention 162
Primordial Prevention 162
Applying Prevention to Public Health Problems: Th e Haddon Matrix 163
Communicable Diseases 164
Communicable Disease Control 166
Epidemic Th eory and Practical Implications 169
Developing Methods of Communicable Disease Control 173
Nutrition and Immunity 178
Noncommunicable Diseases 179
Developing NCD Intervention Options 181
Integrated Approaches 187
Scaling Up Interventions 189
Case Study: Applying Integrated Prevention Principles to Type 2
Diabetes 189