Global Mobile Satellite Communications: For Maritime, Land and Aeronautical Applications

514 Pages·2005·10.44 MB·English

by  Stojce Dimov Ilcev (auth.)

GLOBALMOBILE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
Global Mobile Satellite
Communications
For Maritime, Land and Aeronautical Applications
by
STOJC˘E DIMOV ILC˘EV
University of Durba n – Westville,
South Africa
AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 1-4020-7767-X (HB)
ISBN 1-4020-2784-2 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands.
Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America
by Springer,
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In all other countries, sold and distributed
by Springer,
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Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2005 Springer
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
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and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed in the Netherlands.
Dedicated to the memory of my beloved father
Prof. Dimo Stoev Il(cid:254)ev
CONTENTS
Foreword XIX
Preface XXI
Acknowledgements XXIII
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Abstract 1
1.2. Overview 2
1.2.1. Development of Mobile Radiocommunications 4
1.2.2. Evolution of Satellite Communications 5
1.2.3. Experiments with Active Communications Satellites 6
1.2.4. Early Progress in Mobile Satellite Communications and Navigation 8
1.3. Development of Global Mobile Satellite Systems (GMSS) 10
1.3.1. Definition of Global Mobile Satellite Communications (GMSC) 11
1.3.2. Definition of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) 13
1.3.3. Network Architecture of GMSC 13
1.3.3.1. Space Segment and Configuration of MCS Links 14
1.3.3.2. Ground Segment and Networks 14
1.4. GMSC Applications 16
1.4.1. Maritime Mobile Satellite Communications (MMSC) 16
1.4.1.1. Maritime Transportation Augmentation System (MTAS) 16
1.4.1.2. Service for MMSC Users 17
1.4.2. Land Mobile Satellite Communications (LMSC) 17
1.4.2.1. Land Transportation Augmentation System (LTAS) 18
1.4.2.2. Service for LMSC Users 18
1.4.3. Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Communications (AMSC) 19
1.4.3.1. Development of AMSC 19
1.4.3.2. Present Status of Aeronautical Communications 20
1.4.3.3. Aeronautical Transportation Augmentation System (ATAS) 21
1.4.3.4. Service for AMSC Users 21
1.4.4. Global Mobile Personal Satellite Communications (GMPSC) 22
1.5. International Coordination Organizations and Regulatory Procedures 24
1.5.1. International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and Radio Regulations 24
1.5.2. International Maritime Organization (IMO) and Regulations 25
1.5.3. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and Regulations 27
1.5.4. International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) 28
1.5.5. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 29
1.5.6. Mobile Satellite Users Association (MSUA) 30
1.6. Satellite Communications Organizations and Operators 30
1.6.1. International Satellite Communications Organization 31
1.6.1.1. Intelsat 31
1.6.1.2. Inmarsat 32
1.6.1.3. Intersputnik 33
VIII Contents
1.6.1.4. ESA 34
1.6.1.5. Eutelsat 34
1.6.2. Former International MSS Operators 35
1.6.2.1. Marisat MSS 35
1.6.2.2. Marecs MSS 36
1.6.2.3. Prodat MSS 37
1.7. Frequency Designations and Classification of Services 38
1.7.1. Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) 40
1.7.1.1. Satellite Voice Network 41
1.7.1.2. VSAT Network 41
1.7.2. Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) 43
1.7.2.1. Maritime Mobile Satellite Service (MMSS) 44
1.7.2.2. Land Mobile Satellite Service (LMSS) 45
1.7.2.3. Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service (AMSS) 45
1.7.3. Personal Mobile Satellite Service (PMSS) 46
1.7.4. Radio Navigation Satellite Service (RNSS) 46
1.7.5. Radio Determination Satellite Service (RDSS) 47
1.7.6. Broadcast Mobile Satellite Service (BCMSS) 47
1.7.7. Broadband Mobile Satellite Service (BBMSS) 49
1.7.8. Meteorological Mobile Satellite Service (MLMSS) 50
1.7.8.1. WEFAX System 51
1.7.8.2. Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) 53
1.7.8.3. Applied Weather Technology (AWT) 54
1.7.8.4. Global Meteorological Technologies (GMT) 55
1.7.8.5. Noble Denton Weather Services (NDWS) 55
1.7.8.6. Global Sea State Information via Internet (GSSII) 56
1.7.8.7. Aeronautical Weather Applications 56
2. Space Segment 57
2.1. Platforms and Orbital Mechanics 57
2.1.1. Space Environment 57
2.1.2. Laws of Satellite Motion 58
2.1.2.1 Parameters of Elliptical Orbit 59
2.1.2.2. Parameters of Circular Orbit 60
2.1.3. Horizon and Geographic Satellite Coordinates 62
2.1.3.1. Satellite Distance and Coverage Area 62
2.1.3.2. Satellite Look Angles (Elevation and Azimuth) 66
2.1.3.3. Satellite Truck and Geometry (Longitude and Latitude) 69
2.2. Spacecraft Launching and Station-Keeping Techniques 70
2.2.1. Satellite Installation and Launching Operations 71
2.2.1.1. Direct Ascent Launching 71
2.2.1.2. Indirect Ascent Launching 72
2.2.2. Satellite Launchers and Launching Systems 72
2.2.2.1. Expendable Launching Vehicles 72
2.2.2.2. Reusable Launching Vehicles 73
2.2.2.3. Land-Based Launching Systems 75
2.2.2.4. Sea-Based Launching Systems 75
2.3. Types of Orbits for Mobile and Other Satellite Systems 78
2.3.1. Low Earth Orbits (LEO) 80
2.3.1.1. Little LEO 82
2.3.1.2. Big LEO 83
Contents IX
2.3.2. Circular Orbits 83
2.3.2.1. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) 83
2.3.2.2. Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) 84
2.3.2.3. Geosynchronous Inclined Orbit (GIO) 86
2.3.3. Highly Elliptical Orbits (HEO) 87
2.3.3.1. Molnya Orbit 88
2.3.3.2. Tundra Orbit 90
2.3.3.3. Loopus Orbit 90
2.3.4. Polar Earth Orbits (PEO) 91
2.3.4.1. Low PEO 92
2.3.4.2. High PEO 94
2.3.5. Hybrid Satellite Orbits (HSO) 94
2.4. Spacecraft Sub-Systems 95
2.4.1. Satellite Payload 96
2.4.1.1. Satellite Repeaters 96
2.4.1.2. Satellite Transponders for MSC 99
2.4.1.3. Satellite Antenna System for MSC 99
2.4.1.4. Characteristics of Satellite Antennas 100
2.4.2. Satellite Bus 102
2.4.2.1. Structure Platform (SP) 102
2.4.2.2. Electric Power (EP) 103
2.4.2.3. Thermal Control (TC) 104
2.4.2.4. Attitude and Orbit Control (AOC) 105
2.4.2.5. Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) 106
2.4.2.6. Propulsion Engine (PE) 106
3. Transmission Techniques 107
3.1. Baseband Signals 107
3.1.1. Voice Signals 108
3.1.2. Data Signals 110
3.1.3. Video Signals 110
3.2. Analog Transmission 111
3.2.1. Baseband Processing 112
3.2.1.1. Speech Activation 112
3.2.1.2. Pre- and De-Emphasis 112
3.2.1.3. Companding Process 113
3.2.2. Analog Modulation and Multiplexing 114
3.2.2.1. Amplitude Modulation (AM) 115
3.2.2.2. Frequency Modulation (FM) 116
3.2.2.3. Phase Modulation (PM) 116
3.2.3. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 117
3.3. Digital Transmission 117
3.3.1. Delta Modulation (DM) 118
3.3.2. Coded Modulation (CM) 118
3.3.3. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 119
3.3.4. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 120
3.3.5. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 120
3.3.6. Types of Digital Shift Keyings 121
3.3.6.1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 121
3.3.6.2. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 122
3.3.6.3. Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) 122
X Contents
3.3.6.4. Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 122
3.3.7. Combinations of PSK Digital Carriers 122
3.3.7.1. Binary PSK (BPSK) 123
3.3.7.2. Quadrature PSK (QPSK) 123
3.3.7.3. Offset QPSK (O-QPSK) 124
3.3.7.4. Differential PSK (DPSK) 125
3.3.7.5. (cid:652)/4-QPSK 126
3.3.8. Digital Voice Coding 127
3.3.8.1. Adaptive Predictive Coding (APC) 127
3.3.8.2. IMBE Coding 128
3.3.8.3. Adaptive Differential PCM (ADPCM) 128
3.3.8.4. Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) 129
3.3.8.5. Multipulse Excited LPC (MELPC) 129
3.3.8.6. Code Excited Linear Prediction (CELP) 130
3.4. Channel Coding and Decoding 130
3.4.1. Channel Processing 130
3.4.1.1. Digital Speech Concentration and Channel Multiplication 130
3.4.1.2. Channel Encoding 131
3.4.1.3. Digital Compression 132
3.4.1.4. Voice Encryption 133
3.4.2. Coding 134
3.4.2.1. Block Codes 134
3.4.2.2. Cyclic Codes 135
3.4.2.3. Convolutional Codes 136
3.4.2.4. Concatenated Codes 137
3.4.2.5. Turbo Codes 138
3.4.3. Decoding 138
3.4.3.1. Block Decoding 138
3.4.3.2. Convolutional Decoding 139
3.4.3.3. Turbo Decoding 139
3.4.3.4. Sequential Decoding 139
3.4.3.5. Viterbi Decoding 140
3.4.4. Error Correction 140
3.4.4.1. Forward Error Correction (FEC) 140
3.4.4.2. Automatic Request Repeat (ARQ) 142
3.4.4.3. Pseudo Noise (PN) 142
3.4.4.4. Interleaving 143
3.5. Multiple Access Technique 144
3.5.1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 145
3.5.1.1. Multiple Channels Per Carrier (MCPC) 146
3.5.1.2. Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) 146
3.5.2. Forms of FDMA Operations 147
3.5.2.1. SCPC/FM/FDMA 147
3.5.2.2. SCPC/PSK/FDMA 148
3.5.2.3. TDM/FDMA 148
3.5.2.4. TDMA/FDMA 148
3.5.3. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 149
3.5.3.1. TDM/TDMA 150
3.5.3.2. FDMA/TDMA 150
3.5.4. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 150
3.5.4.1. Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA 152
Contents XI
3.5.4.2. Frequency Hopping (FH) CDMA 153
3.5.5. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) 153
3.5.5.1. Switched Spot Beam Antenna 155
3.5.5.2. Adaptive Array Antenna Systems 156
3.5.5.3. SDMA/FDMA 156
3.5.5.4. SDMA/TDMA 157
3.5.5.5. SDMA/CDMA 157
3.5.6. Random Division Multiple Access (RDMA) 157
3.5.6.1. Aloha 158
3.5.6.2. Slotted Aloha 159
3.5.6.3. Slot Reservation Aloha 159
3.6. Mobile Broadband and Internet Protocols 159
3.6.1. Mobile Internet Protocol (IP) 160
3.6.1.1. IP Security Protocol (IPSec) 162
3.6.1.2. Mobile Transmissions over IP 162
3.6.1.3. Mobile IP version 6 (MIPv6) 163
3.6.2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 164
3.6.2.1. TCP/IP over Satellite 164
3.6.2.2. TCP Intertwined Algorithms 165
3.6.3. Mobile Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 166
3.6.3.1. IP/ATM over Satellite 168
3.6.3.2. UBR over Satellite 170
3.6.3.3. ABR over Satellite 171
3.6.4. Digital Video Broadcasting-Return Channel over Satellite (DVB-RCS) 172
4. Antenna Systems for Mobile Satellite Applications 175
4.1. Evolution of Antenna Systems for Mobile Radiocommunications 175
4.1.1. Development of Antennas for MSC 175
4.1.2. Classification and Types of Mobile Satellite Antennas (MSA) 176
4.2. Antennas Requirements and Technical Characteristics 176
4.2.1. Mechanical Characteristics 176
4.2.2. Electrical Characteristics 177
4.2.3. Basic Relations of Antennas 177
4.2.3.1. Frequency and Bandwidth 177
4.2.3.2. Gain and Directivity 178
4.2.3.3. Radiation Pattern, Beamwidth and Sidelobes 179
4.2.3.4. Polarization and Axial Ratio 181
4.2.3.5. Figure of Merit (G/T) and EIRP 183
4.3. Classification of Mobile Satellite Antennas (MSA) 184
4.3.1. Shipborne MSA 184
4.3.2. Vehicleborne MSA 185
4.3.3. Airborne MSA 185
4.3.4. Transportable MSA 185
4.3.5. MSA for Personal Satellite Terminals 185
4.3.6. Other Types of MSA 186
4.4. Low-Gain Omnidirectional Antennas 186
4.4.1. Quadrifilar Helix Antenna (QHA) 186
4.4.2. Crossed-Drooping Dipole Antenna (CDDA) 186
4.4.3. Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) 187
4.5. Medium-Gain Directional Antennas 188
4.5.1. Aperture Reflector Antennas 188
XII Contents
4.5.1.1. Short Backfire (SBF) Plane Reflector Antenna 188
4.5.1.2. Modified SBF Plane Reflector Antenna 189
4.5.1.3. Improved SBF Conical Reflector Antenna 190
4.5.2. Wire Antennas 190
4.5.2.1. Helical Wire Antennas 190
4.5.2.2. Inverted V-Form Cross Dipole Antenna 191
4.5.2.3. Crossed-Slot Antenna 192
4.5.2.4. Conical Spiral Antenna 192
4.5.2.5. Planar Spiral Antennas 193
4.5.3. Array Antennas 194
4.5.3.1. Microstrip Array Antenna 194
4.5.3.2. Cross-Slot Array Antenna 195
4.5.3.3. Cross-Dipole Array Antenna 195
4.5.3.4. Four-Element Array Antennas 195
4.5.3.5. Spiral Array Antenna 196
4.5.3.6. Patch Array Antennas 197
4.5.3.7. Phased Array Antenna 198
4.5.3.8. Adaptive Array Antennas 200
4.6. High-Gain Directional Aperture Antennas 200
4.6.1. Parabolic Dish Antenna 201
4.6.2. Parabolic Umbrella Antenna 202
4.7. Antenna Systems for Particular MSC 202
4.7.1. Antennas for Inmarsat System 202
4.7.1.1. Ship Earth Station (SES) Antennas 202
4.7.1.2. Vehicle Earth Station (VES) Antennas 205
4.7.1.3. Aircraft Earth Station (AES) Antennas 206
4.7.1.4. Transportable Earth Station (TES) Antennas 209
4.7.2. Antennas for Cospas-Sarsat System 212
4.7.3. Antenna Systems for GMPSC 213
4.7.3.1. Wire Quadrifilar Helix Antenna (WQHA) for Handheld Terminals 214
4.7.3.2. MSA Solutions for Handheld Terminals 215
4.7.4. Antenna Systems for Mobile Satellite Broadcasting (MSB) 216
4.7.4.1. Mechanically Tracking Antennas for Land MSB 217
4.7.4.2. Mechanical and Electrical Tracking Antennas for Land MSB 218
4.7.4.3. Antennas for Maritime MSB 219
4.7.4.4. Antennas for Aeronautical MSB 219
4.8. Antenna Mount and Tracking Systems 220
4.8.1. Antenna Mount Systems 220
4.8.1.1. Two-Axis Mount System (E/A and Y/X) 220
4.8.1.2. Three-Axis Mount System (E/A/X, E’/E/A and X’/Y/X) 221
4.8.1.3. Four-Axis Mount (E/A/Y/X) 222
4.8.2. Antenna Tracking and Pointing Systems 222
4.8.3. Omnidirectional Shipborne Antenna Mounting 223
4.8.4. Directional Shipborne Antenna Mounting and Steering 224
4.8.4.1. Placing and Position of SES Antenna Unit 224
4.8.4.2. Antenna Mast and Stabilizing Platform 226
4.8.4.3. Antenna Location Aboard Ship 227
4.8.4.4. Satellite Determination and Antenna Azimuth Limit 228
4.8.4.5. Antenna Pointing and Tracking 229
4.8.5. Airborne Antenna Mounting and Steering 231
4.8.5.1. AES Antenna Mounting 231