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Global Health Law PDF

560 Pages·2014·3.344 MB·English
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G L O B A L H E A LT H L A W G L O B A L H E A L T H L A W Lawrence O. Gostin Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, En gland 2014 Copyright © 2014 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Gostin, Lawrence O. (Lawrence Ogalthorpe), author. Global health law / Lawrence O. Gostin. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 674- 72884- 4 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Public health laws. 2. Public health laws, International. 3. Public health— International cooperation. I. Title. K3570.G67 2014 344.04—dc23 2013030764 For my wife, Jean; sons, Bryn and Kieran; and their loving partners, Jen and Isley Contents Preface xi Global Health Narratives: Listening to the Voices of the Young 1 PART I Failures in Global Health and Th eir Consequences 11 Health Inequities in Today’s Globalized World 1 Global Health Justice 13 Toward a Transformative Agenda for Health Equity Reconceptualizing “Health Aid” 18 A Shared Obligation: The Right to Health and Reinforcing Frameworks 20 Four Defi ning Questions for the Future of the World’s Health 22 2 Globalized Health Hazards 32 The Need for Collective Global Action Globalization and the Spread of Infectious Diseases: Man- Made and Controllable 34 Transnational Spread of Infectious Diseases 38 The Epidemiological Transition from Infectious to Noncommunicable Diseases: A Double Burden in Low- Resource Countries 43 A World of Hurt: Global Injuries 46 International Trade and Commerce: Safe Food, Drugs, and Consumer Products 50 The Benefi ts and Burdens of Globalization 58 3 Global Health Law in the Broader Currents of Global Governance for Health 59 The Role of International Law 61 International Health Law: The World Health Or ga ni za tion’s Normative Standards 64 viii Contents Health as a Fundamental Entitlement 68 Interconnecting International Law Regimes 69 Interrelationships between International and Domestic Law 70 Global Governance for Health 71 Universal Values of Good Governance: The Responsibilities of Stewardship 73 The Six Grand Challenges of Global Governance for Health 76 PART II Global Health Institutions 87 4 Fulfi lling the Promise of the World Health Or ga ni za tion 89 The Birth of the Premier Global Health Leader 90 Governing Structure: Membership, Organs, and Division of Powers 92 The Milestones: From Disease Eradication to Health Systems 96 The WHO Constitution: A Progressive Vision of a Normative Institution 103 The WHO Reform Agenda: Proposals to Assure the Future of WHO Leadership 114 Concluding Refl ections: Systemic Tensions within the WHO 127 5 Old and New Institutions 129 From the World Bank to the Global Fund, the GAVI Alliance, and the Gates Foundation Phase One: A Preeminent World Health Or ga ni za tion 131 Phase Two: The Rise of the World Bank 134 Phase Three: The Era of Partnerships 143 Phase Four: Tomorrow’s Global Health Institutions 169 PART III International Law and Global Health 175 6 Th e International Health Regulations 177 Responding to Public Health Emergencies of International Concern Antecedents to the IHR (2005) 179 The International Health Regulations (2005) 181 WHO Roles and Multisectoral Relationships 198 Lessons Learned from the H1N1 Pandemic 202 7 Th e Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 205 The Global Response to Tobacco From Scientifi c Discovery and Industry Obfuscation to Social Mobilization 209 Contents ix The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 213 The Tobacco Wars: Globalization, Investment, and Trade 230 The Tobacco Endgames: Toward a Tobacco- Free World 239 8 Health and Human Rights 243 Human Dignity, Global Justice, and Personal Security Health and Human Rights: From Tension to Synergy 245 Civil/Po liti cal Rights and Economic/Social/Cultural Rights: A Double Standard 246 International Human Rights Law: The Foundations 247 The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health 257 Regional Human Rights Systems 260 The Right to Health in National Constitutions 263 9 Global Health, International Trade, and Intellectual Property 270 Toward a Fair Deal for the Global South The World Trade Or ga ni za tion 272 WTO Agreements in Relation to Health 282 International Health Agreements with Implications for Trade 295 The Doha Development Round and the Future of the WTO 298 The Balance between International Health and Trade 301 PART IV On the Horizon 303 The Quest for Global Social Justice 10 “Getting to Zero” 305 Scientifi c Innovation, Social Mobilization, and Human Rights in the AIDS Pandemic The Social Construction of AIDS 308 Social Mobilization: The Vast Potential of Civil Society 314 Governing the AIDS Pandemic: Global AIDS Institutions in the New Millennium 320 Science and Policy: The Ethical Allocation of Scarce Resources 330 Refl ecting Back, Looking Forward 340 11 Th e International Migration of Health Workers 341 A Troubling Example of Global Injustice Human Resource Inequalities: Magnitude of the Health Crisis 342 Drivers of International Migration 344

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