Global Food Systems, Diets, and Nutrition: Linking Science, Economics, and Policy PDF
Preview Global Food Systems, Diets, and Nutrition: Linking Science, Economics, and Policy
GLOBAL FOOD SYSTEMS, DIETS, AND NUTRITION Linking Science, Economics, and Policy Jessica Fanzo Claire Davis Palgrave Studies in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy Palgrave Textbooks in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy SeriesEditor ChristopherB.Barrett,CharlesH.DysonSchoolofAppliedEconomics& Management,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA This book series provides instructors and students with cutting-edge textbooks in agriculturaleconomicsandfoodpolicy. Moreinformationaboutthissubseriesathttp://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/16444 · Jessica Fanzo Claire Davis Global Food Systems, Diets, and Nutrition Linking Science, Economics, and Policy JessicaFanzo ClaireDavis NitzeSchoolofAdvancedInternational BermanInstituteofBioethics Studies JohnsHopkinsUniversity JohnsHopkinsUniversity Baltimore,MD,USA Washington,DC,USA BermanInstituteofBioethics JohnsHopkinsUniversity Baltimore,MD,USA BloombergSchoolofPublicHealth JohnsHopkinsUniversity Baltimore,MD,USA ISSN2662-3889 ISSN2662-3897 (electronic) PalgraveStudiesinAgriculturalEconomicsandFoodPolicy ISSN2662-5474 ISSN2662-5482 (electronic) PalgraveTextbooksinAgriculturalEconomicsandFoodPolicy ISBN978-3-030-72762-8 ISBN978-3-030-72763-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72763-5 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Covercredit:BartoszHadyniak/gettyimages ThisPalgraveMacmillanimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Acknowledgments We would like to thank Chris Barrett for the opportunity to contribute to this outstanding food policy series. We are also grateful to our colleagues at Johns HopkinsUniversity,especiallythoseinvolvedintheGlobalFoodEthicsandPolicy Program,theBermanInstituteofBioethics,andtheNitzeSchoolofAdvancedInter- nationalStudiesfortheircontributionstoourthinkingandscholarshipintheareaof foodsystems.Wearegratefultothemanyscientistsandexpertswhoseworkhasbeen highlightedthroughoutthebook.AspecialthankstoMichaelaPaughforhelpingus with early drafts. Jess would like to thank the UN Committee on Food Security’s HighLevelPanelofExpertsfortheopportunitytoworkontheFoodSystemsand Nutritionreport,whichcontributedtotheconceptualizationofthisbook,particularly PatrickCaron,EileenKennedy,andLawrenceHaddad.Andfinally,Jesswouldlike to acknowledge with much gratitude the unending support of her husband, Derek, whonotonlykeepsherinspired,butprovideshernourishment(literally)everyday. Claire is grateful to her partner, Walker, for his generous support, encouragement, andthoughtfulinsightsonthecontentofthisbookthroughoutitsevolution. v Contents 1 Introduction .................................................. 1 References .................................................... 5 PartI IntroductiontoMajorConceptsandFrameworks 2 FoodSystems,FoodEnvironments,andConsumerBehavior ...... 9 Introduction ................................................... 9 FoodandItsRoleinSociety ..................................... 9 WhatAreFoodSystems? ........................................ 10 WhatAreFoodSystemsMeanttoDo? ............................ 12 WhoInfluencesandEngageswithFoodSystems? .................. 12 ComponentsofFoodSystems .................................... 15 KeyMessagesandConclusions .................................. 21 References .................................................... 22 3 FoodPolicy ................................................... 29 Introduction ................................................... 29 WhatIsFoodPolicy? ........................................... 29 WhatIsFoodGovernance? ...................................... 30 WhoInfluencesFoodPolicyandGovernance? ..................... 32 HistoricalTransitionsTowardaHolisticFoodPolicy ................ 34 KeyMessagesandConclusions .................................. 35 References .................................................... 37 PartII ChangingFoodSystemsandDietsforNutrition 4 NutritiousFoods,HealthyDiets,andContributionstoHealth ..... 41 Introduction ................................................... 41 WhatAreDiets? ............................................... 41 HealthConsequencesofSuboptimalDiets ......................... 47 KeyMessagesandConclusions .................................. 48 References .................................................... 48 vii viii Contents 5 TheMultipleBurdensofMalnutrition .......................... 51 Introduction ................................................... 51 Nutrition ...................................................... 51 Malnutrition ................................................... 52 CausesofMalnutrition .......................................... 59 ConsequencesofMalnutrition ................................... 61 IntergenerationalCycleofMalnutrition ............................ 63 KeyMessagesandConclusions .................................. 64 References .................................................... 65 6 TransformationsAcrossDietsandFoodSystems ................. 71 Introduction ................................................... 71 ChangingDiets ................................................ 71 FoodSystemTransformation .................................... 75 KeyMessagesandConclusions .................................. 80 References .................................................... 80 7 DriversShapingFoodSystems ................................. 85 Introduction ................................................... 85 BiophysicalandEnvironmentalDrivers ........................... 85 SocioculturalDrivers ........................................... 88 PoliticalandEconomicDrivers ................................... 89 DemographicDrivers ........................................... 94 Innovation,Technology,andInfrastructure ......................... 97 KeyMessagesandConclusions .................................. 99 References .................................................... 99 PartIII TheInfluenceofFoodPolicyonDietsandNutrition 8 PoliciesAffectingFoodSupplyChains .......................... 109 Introduction ................................................... 109 IdealFoodSupplyChainsforDietsandNutrition ................... 109 Policies that Shape Food Supply Chains and Their Impacts onDietsandNutrition .......................................... 112 KeyMessagesandConclusions .................................. 123 References .................................................... 123 9 PoliciesAffectingFoodEnvironmentsandConsumerBehavior .... 131 Introduction ................................................... 131 HowFoodEnvironmentsAffecttheFoodSupplyandConsumer Demand ...................................................... 131 IdealFoodEnvironments ........................................ 132 WhyPhysicalSpacesandPlacesMatter ........................... 134 Policies That Focus on Food Environments and Consumer DemandtoBetterShapeDietsandNutrition ....................... 135 Contents ix KeyMessagesandConclusions .................................. 145 References .................................................... 146 PartIV NewChallengestoAchievingHealthyDietsforNutrition 10 Sustainable Diets: Aligning Food Systems andtheEnvironment .......................................... 155 Introduction ................................................... 155 TheAgriculture–EnvironmentConnection ......................... 156 TheHistoryofSustainableDiets ................................. 157 TheEAT-LancetReport ......................................... 158 HealthandEnvironmentalImplicationsofSustainableDiets .......... 160 TheSustainableDietConundrum ................................. 162 ResearchLimitationsandPolicyOpportunities ..................... 163 KeyMessagesandConclusions .................................. 164 References .................................................... 165 11 TheFutureofFood:ShapingDietsandNutrition ................ 169 Introduction ................................................... 169 Agriculture4.0:RevolutionizingFoodSuppliesforBetterDiets ....... 169 TheDisappearingGroceryStore,Restaurant,andKitchen ............ 173 ChangingPalates,ChangingDemands ............................ 176 TheImplementationofTechnologies .............................. 178 KeyMessagesandConclusions .................................. 178 References .................................................... 180 12 ConclusionandWaysForward ................................. 183 ImportanceofFoodPolicyforDietsandNutrition .................. 183 ChallengesRemain ............................................. 184 WithChallengesComeOpportunities ............................. 185 References .................................................... 186 Index ............................................................. 189 Abbreviations ASF AnimalSourceFoods BMI BodyMassIndex BOP Back-of-Package CAFO ConcentratedAnimalFeedingOperations DALY Disability-AdjustedLifeYears DBM DoubleBurdenofMalnutrition DR-NCD Diet-RelatedNoncommunicableDisease FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations FBDG Food-BasedDietaryGuidelines FDA FoodandDrugAdministration FOP Front-of-Package GDP GrossDomesticProduct GHGe GreenhouseGasEmissions GM GeneticModification GMO GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms LBW LowBirthWeight LMIC Low-andMiddle-IncomeCountries NCD NoncommunicableDisease SBCC SocialandBehaviorChangeCommunication SSB Sugar-SweetenedBeverages UNICEF UnitedNationsChildren’sFund USDA UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture WHO WorldHealthOrganization xi
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