Global Environmentalism and Local Politics: Transnational Advocacy Networks in Brazil, Ecuador, and India

210 Pages·2003·0.59 MB·English

by  Maria Guadalupe Moog Rodrigues

Global Environmentalism
and Local Politics
SUNY series in Global Environmental Policy
Uday Desai,editor
Global Environmentalism
and Local Politics
Transnational Advocacy Networks
in Brazil, Ecuador, and India
Maria Guadalupe Moog Rodrigues
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS
Published by
State UniversityP oufb Nlisehwed Y boyrk Press,Albany
State University of New York Press,Albany
© 2004 State University of New York
© 2004 State University of New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
igues,Maria Guadalupe Moog.
Global environmentalism and local politics :transnational advocacy networks in Brazil,
Ecuador,and India / Maria Guadalupe Moog Rodrigues.
p. cm.— (SUNY series in global environmental policy)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7914-5877-6 (hc :alk.paper) — ISBN 0-7914-5878-4 (pbk.:alk.paper)
1.Sustainable development—Developing countries—Citizen participation—Case studies.
CIP INFOCOMING
Green movement—Developing countries—Case studies.3.Non-governmental
organizations—Developing countries—Case studies.4.Globalization—Case studies.I.
itle.II.Series.
HC59.72.E5R63 2004
333.72'098—dc22
2003061096
1100 99 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11
C O N T E N T S
Abbreviations and Acronyms vii
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1. Introduction 1
Transnational Advocacy Networks,Civil Society,and the
Environment:Defining Concepts 5
Key Questions 12
Research Method and Organization ofthe Book 15
2. The Dilemma of Amazonian Development
and Its Impact on Rondônia 19
Amazonian Development and Military Rule (1964–1984) 21
Environmental and Development Policies for Amazonia in
Democratic Brazil 26
3. Urgent Action! Transnational Mobilization
against Disaster in Rondônia 33
The Beginning 33
The Rondônia Network Gains Momentum 36
Transnational Activism and Domestic Constraints—
The Rondônia Network within Brazil 40
Taking Stock ofthe Rondônia Network in the 1980s 43
4. “Localizing”Transnational Activism—Success and Failure 49
The Issue ofTransparency:Environmentally Sustainable
Development to Whom? By Whom? 51
Building Capacity for Participation:Searching for the Right
Recipe in Rondônia 55
v
vi Contents
The Rondônia Network’s Legitimacy Crisis of1994 60
Taking Stock ofthe Rondônia Network in the Early 1990s 64
5. Listening to The Grassroots—
The Rondônia Network and Local Politics 67
The Rondônia Network Takes Planafloro to the Inspection Panel 68
Evaluating and Restructuring Planafloro:A New Meaning
for Environmentally Sustainable Development? 77
Taking Stock ofthe Rondônia Network at the Turn ofthe
Millennium 87
6. Environmental Activism beyond Brazil I—
The Struggle against Oil Exploitation in Ecuador 93
Fighting Oil Exploitation in Ecuador’s Oriente:Background
and Network Origins 94
The Anti-Oil Network and the Campaigns against Texaco
and ARCO 102
Taking Stock ofEcuador’s Anti-Oil Network 110
7. Environmental Activism beyond Brazil II—
The Struggle against Large Dams in India 115
The Struggle against the Sardar Sarovar Dam—Background
and Network Origins 116
The Narmada Network Strategies and Their Local Impacts 121
Taking Stock ofthe Narmada Network 128
8. Conclusions 135
Local Empowerment and Local Results 136
Lessons and Recommendations 145
Final Thoughts 148
Notes 151
References 181
Index 191
A B B R E V I A T I O N S
A N D A C R O N Y M S
ASODIRA Association for Indigenous Development
ASP Amerindian Special Project
CD Conselho Deliberativo (Deliberative Council)
CESR Center for Economic and Social Rights
CIEL Center for International Environmental Law
CIMI Conselho Indígena Missionário (Indigenous Peoples’
Missionary Council)
CNS Conselho Nacional dos Seringueiros (National
Council of Rubber Tappers)
COICA Coordinating Body of Indigenous Organizations of
the Amazon Basin
CONAIE National Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities
of Ecuador
CONFENIAE Confederation of Indian Nations of Ecuadorian
Amazon
CORDAVI Corporación de la Defensa de la Vida (Corporation
for the Defense of Life)
CPT Comissão Pastoral da Terra (Pastoral Commission on
Land)
CUT Central Única dos Trabalhadores (Central Labor Union)
CUNPIR Coordenação da União das Nações e Póvos Indígenas de
Rondônia (Coordination of the Union of Indigenous
Peoples and Nations of Rondônia)
DNPM Departamento Nacional de Prospecção Mineral
(National Department of Mineral Research)
vii
viii Abbreviations and Acronyms
ECOPORE Ação Ecológica Vale do Guaporé (Ecological Action
for the Guaporé Valley)
EDF Environmental Defense Fund,since 2000
Environmental Defense
EIA Environmental Impact Assessments
FCUNAE Quichua Federation of Indigenous Nations of
Ecuador
FETAGRO Federação dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas de Rondônia
(Federation of Agricultural Workers of Rondônia)
FIERO Federação das Indústrias do Estado de Rondônia
(Federation of Rondonian Industries)
FIPE Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas
(Institute of Economic Research Foundation)
FIPSE Independent Federation of the Shuar People of
Ecuador
FoE Friends of the Earth
FUNAI Fundação Nacional do Indio (Brazilian Indian
Agency)
IAMA Instituto de Antropologia e Meio Ambiente
(Institute of Anthropology and the Environment)
IBAMA Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e Recursos
Naturais Renováveis (Brazilian Institute for the
Environment and Renewable Natural Resources)
IBDF Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal
(Brazilian Institute for Forestry Development)
IDA International Development Association
IEA Instituto de Estudos Amazônicos e Ambientais
(Institute for Amazonian and Environmental
Studies)
IGO International Governmental Organization
IRN International Rivers Network
INCRA Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária
(National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian
Reform)
INDIA Instituto de Pesquisa em Defesa da Identidade
Amazônica (Institute for Research in Defense of
Amazonia’s Identity)
Abbreviations and Acronyms ix
IPHAE Instituto de Pré-História,Antropologia e Ecologia
(Institute for Pre-History,Anthropology,and
Ecology)
MDB Multilateral Development Bank
MST Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra
(Landless Peoples’Movement)
NBA Narmada Bachao Andolan
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NOVIB Dutch Organization for International Development
Cooperation
NRDC Natural Resources Defense Council
NWF National Wildlife Federation
OINCE Organization of the Cofan Indigenous People of
Ecuador
OISE Organization of the Secoya Indigenous People of
Ecuador
ONISE Organization of the Siona Indigenous People of
Ecuador
OPIP Organization of Indigenous Peoples of Pastaza
OSR Organização dos Seringueiros de Rondônia
(Organization of Rondonian Rubber Tappers)
PACA Proteção Ambiental Cacoalense (Environmental
Protection of the Cacoal Region)
PAIC Programa de Apoio a Iniciativas Comunitárias
(Program for the Support of Community Initiatives)
PIN Programa de Integração Nacional (National
Integration Program)
PLANAFLORO Plano Agropecuário e Florestal de Rondônia
(Rondônia Agro-livestock and Forestry Plan).The
project’s official name at The World Bank is the
Rondônia Natural Resources Management Project.
PNMA Programa Nacional de Meio Ambiente (National
Program for the Environment)
POLONOROESTE Programa de Desenvolvimento Integrado do
Noroeste do Brazil (Northwest Brazil Integrated
Development Program)
RAN Rainforest Action Network