Global Environmental Security: From Protection to Prevention

269 Pages·1996·4.874 MB·English

by  L. R. Brown, E. Salim, T. Kashiwagi, K. Takeuchi (auth.), Yuji Suzuki, Kazuhiro Ueta, Shunsuke Mori (eds.)

Suzuki, U eta, Mori • Global Environmental Security
Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
Barcelona
Budapest
Hong Kong
London
Milan
Paris
Santa Clara
Singapore
Tokyo
Y. Suzuki • K. Ueta • S. Mori (Editors)
Global Environmental Security
From Protection to Prevention
With 59 Figures
, Springer
YUJI SUZUKI
Hosei University, Japan
17 -1, 2-chome Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 102 Japan
KAZUHIRO UETA
Kyoto University, Japan
Yoshidahon-cho, Sakyo-ku,
Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 606 Japan
SHUNSUKE MORI
Science University of Tokyo, Japan
Yamasaki 2641, Noda-shi,
Chiba 278, Japan
ISBN-13:978-3-642-80154-9
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Global environmental security: from protection to prevention 1 J. Suzuki; K. Ueta ; S. Mori. -
Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Budapest; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Santa Clara;
Singapore; Tokyo: Springer 1996
ISBN-13: 97 8-3-642-80154-9 e-ISBN-13: 97 8-3-642-80152-5
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-80152-5
NE: Suzuki, Juji [Hrsg.]
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Foreword
Z. Sonoda
It is my great honour to declare the opening of the 2nd IBM Japan
International Symposium on 'The Global Environment'.
It is especially my honour, on behalf of IBM Japan, to welcome all of
you most distinguished experts of the world.
Historically, IBM Japan has maintained a strong interest in the
protection of the global environment, not only as a member of the
industrial community, but also as a member of the global community
where environmental disruption has become more and more significant
and of common concern.
In 1990, we held the first environmental symposium on 'Global
Warming'. It offered a stage to which both social and natural scientists
could bring problems about 'The Global Environment' for in-depth
discussions. One of its conclusions includes collaboration about socio
economic aspects among the industrialized and developing countries.
With this in mind, we now host the 2nd symposium which focuses upon
a socio-economic approach to global environmental problems.
I understand that the symposium will seek a solution by examining
actual experiences and circumstances from various parts of the world,
with special attention given to North/South issues. Thus, we have invited
guests from America, Europe, and neighbouring Asian countries alike.
I wish, and believe, that the symposium will bring about new clues,
toward a breakthrough for the betterment of the environment through
positive and harmonious discussions in this beautiful setting at the
foot of Mt Fuji.
For more than 20 years, IBM Japan has been conducting contributory
projects in various areas of need at all levels of the human community
local, regional, national and global. The social needs areas we address
are welfare for the disabled, medical problems of incurable diseases,
promotion of basic science, enhancement of educational and cultural
infrastructure, and global environmental problems. This symposium is
held within this framework, on the company's long-term commitment
v
I would therefore like to again express my deepest appreciation to all the
honourable participants, in particular to the executive committee members,
Professor Suzuki ofHosei University, Professor Mori of the Science University
of Tokyo, and Professor Ueta of Kyoto University who all played a massive and
integral role in orchestrating this event with the advisers-Dr Kondo of the
Science Council of Japan and Professor Takeuchi of the University of Tokyo
who oversaw the framework and gave very important suggestions and effective
support for the symposium.
Although Dr Kondo is in Russia at this time, I have the pleasure of introducing
Professor Kawata, Vice-President of the Science Council of Japan.
VI
Preface
Since the 2nd IBM Japan International Symposium on the Global
Environment, September 20-22, 1993 in Gotenba, Japan, a number of
new developments have taken place on the issue of global environment.
First of all, the enthusiasm that made the Earth Summit of Rio de
Janeiro in 1992 a historic success has greatly subsided. Instead, global
concerns have drifted from the protection of global environment to
trade negotiations and ethnic conflicts. Mesmerized by such rapid
evolvements post Cold War, the world seems to have almost no positive
development toward environmental protection in sight.
Secondly, however, we have witnessed positive developments as well.
Many more local authorities at sub-national level have taken concrete
steps toward environmental protection. Some municipal governments,
including those in the Third World, have put into practice a set of
environmental policies such as Agenda 21, adopted at Rio de Janeiro.
Quite a few of them, in addition, have enhanced law enforcement
measures so that environmental policies can be more systematically
administered. Such initiatives at this level are important since they
enable a greater participation of local population in the policy making
and policy implementation processes.
Thirdly, the transnational cooperation for environmental protection
has been greatly reinforced, especially by the extensive and intensive
activities of the so called 'green' non-government organizations. Today,
all governments across nations are under increasing demand for
environmental protection. In addition, those concerned people have
strengthened their mutual cooperation at grassroot level. And such
transnational cooperation has contributed to promote or even force
governments-local, national or international-to take further steps
toward the protection of the global environment.
These developments suggest the discussion of environmental
protection is undergoing a serious change. The era for agenda setting
has ended, and a new era has arrived for concrete action. This change
is seen clearly in the efforts of the IBM Japan International Symposium
on the Global Environment, too. Its first symposium of 1991, whose
main participants were natural scientists from the North, discussed
VII
global warming extensively. The second meeting, in 1993, saw more
officials and social scientists from North and South and sought ways
and means for the protection of the global environment. As you will
see, the discussions following often cut across conventional divisions
between natural and social sciences, theories and practices,
governments and non-government organizations, and even North and
South.
This is the record of the 2nd IBM Japan International Symposium.
We hope this volume contributes to the enhancement of common
understanding and action for the protection of our globe. Last but not
least, all the participants are most appreciative of IBM Japan. Without
that company's support, this symposium would not have taken place.
Responsibilities for the analyses as well as arguments included in this
volume belong with the authors and the editors.
The Editors, March 1995
IBM Japan
International Symposium on the Global Environment
Advisory Committee: J. Kondo Science Council of Japan
K. Takeuchi University of Tokyo
Executive Committee: Y. Suzuki Hosei University
K. Ueta Kyoto University
S. Mori Science University of Tokyo
Secretariat: z. Sonoda IBM Japan
A. Nemoto IBM Japan
VIII
Opening Remarks
Tadashi Kawata
Vice President (Cultural & Social Sciences) Science Council of Japan
Mr Chairman, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen:
On behalf ofthe Science Council of Japan, it is a great pleasure for me to
have this opportunity to extend warm greetings to all of you who have gathered
here from various countries at this opening session of the 2nd IBM Japan
International Symposium on 'The Global Environment'.
As is well retained in our memory, the United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment was held in Stockholm in 1972. To commemorate the
20th anniversary of the Stockholm Conference, the United Nations Conference
on Environment and Development, known as the Earth Summit, was held in
Rio de Janeiro in 1992. That event brought together more than 150 nations,
1,400 non-governmental organizations and 8,000 journalists.
The efforts and experiences in the promotion of international cooperation
and exchange on environmental problems over these past 20 years have been
invaluable. The Earth Summit should be judged in the context of a process of
increasing attention, practical measures and effectiveness in the management
of environmental issues. Obviously, the Earth Summit was not an end but a
new beginning, as the Summit's Secretary-General, Maurice F. Strong, said in
his opening address to that conference.
Thus, an agenda for follow-up actions at the national, regional and international
levels will demand commitments on the part of all governments and non
governmental organizations, and academic involvement on the part of both
social and natural scientists.
It is now acknowledged by all, that the environment is not the business of the
natural scientists alone. Human actions have been responsible for the
deteriorating state of the global environment; similarly, changes in the global
environment are now influencing human activity. The earth and its human
inhabitants are interacting partners in a single system. The future of the
environment, and of human societies, will be jeopardized if adequate action is
not taken and the path of sustainable development is not chosen.
OPENING REMARKS IX
I believe that it is vitally important for social scientists to look long and hard
at global change, and hold further dialogue with natural scientists. Perhaps
there may be differences in approach between them, but, in dealing with global
environmental problems, it is essential that they talk with each other and work
together.
From this perspective, I think it is really fortunate that the program of this
mM Symposium has been so well formulated, with attention to detail, and with
the full understanding that environmental problems are the products of
technological, economic, socio-political and administrative development.
In addition, it seems to me that the emphasis of this Symposium has been
placed upon reviewing and applying the findings of research and the current
state of knowledge, with a particular emphasis on policy relevance. I believe
that this kind of approach should be considered essential in strengthening and
redoubling our cooperative efforts towards environmental protection across the
world.
The proposed topics of this Symposium-say, 'Technology for Sustainable
Development', 'Toward Establishing a Global Environmental System', 'New
Initiatives for Environmental Protection', and so forth-seem to be very
attractive subjects. Hence, I am now contemplating staying here, and
participating in this Symposium as an observer from tomorrow morning-first
session. Perhaps Professor Yuji Suzuki, an important member of the executive
committee of this Symposium may permit me to do so, as he is a very close
young colleague of mine.
The Science Council of Japan was established in 1949, soon after the Second
World War, comprising 210 members with three year terms of office, representing
all fields of science. The Council acts as the representative of Japanese scientists,
both domestically and internationally, for the promotion of science. The Council
is attaehed to the Prime Minister's office, but it functions independently.
As for international scientific exchanges, the Council conducts such activities
as affiliating with international scientific organizations, sending delegations to
international congresses held overseas, and organizing and supporting important
international conferences in Japan.
At the end of 1992 the Council was a member of 46 international umbrella
organizations, including the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)
and the International Federation of Social Science Organization (IFSSO). Since
1983, the Council has been executing the Bilateral Scientific Exchange
Programs, which involve sending delegations abroad in order to promote mutual
understanding in scientific fields with other countries, through discussions with
leading scientists and policy makers.
Incidentally, we are now sending our delegation headed by Dr Jiro Kondo,
President of the Council, to Russia. He could not come here today for that
reason and has sent his apologies.
In recent years there has been an increase in international research programs
on subjects requiring consideration on a global scale, such as research on solar
X GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY