Global environmental policy : concepts, principles, and practice PDF
Preview Global environmental policy : concepts, principles, and practice
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Concepts, Principles, and Practice TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Concepts, Principles, and Practice Charles H. Eccleston Frederic March Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20110725 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-9606-8 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Contents Preface ............................................................................................................xxiii Authors .........................................................................................................xxvii Introduction ...................................................................................................xxix Section one: Introduction to global environmental concepts and principles Chapter 1 Historical context of the environmental movement ............3 Case study ...........................................................................................................3 Learning objectives ............................................................................................4 1.1 Origins of the environmental movement. ............................................4 1.1.1 Early twentieth century ............................................................5 1.1.2 Environmental movement takes off in the 1960s ..................6 1.2 Historical development of National Environmental Policy Act .......7 1.2.1 Origin of National Environmental Policy Act .......................8 1.2.2 Environmental Impact Statement debate ...............................9 1.2.3 Passage of National Environmental Policy Act ...................10 1.2.4 Recent trends ............................................................................10 1.2.5 National Environmental Policy Act’s influence ..................11 1.2.6 Crisis or an opportunity .........................................................12 Discussions, problems, and exercises ............................................................13 Notes ..................................................................................................................13 Chapter 2 Concepts and principles underlying environmental policy ...............................................................15 Case study .........................................................................................................15 Learning objectives ..........................................................................................17 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................17 Part 1: Challenges to the global environment ..............................................18 2.2 Tragedy of the commons ......................................................................18 2.2.1 Historical perspective .............................................................20 2.2.2 Change does not come easily .................................................22 vii viii Contents 2.3 Limits to growth ....................................................................................24 2.3.1 Malthusian growth model ......................................................25 2.3.2 Criticisms of Malthus ..............................................................26 2.3.2.1 Constant rate of exponential increase ..................27 2.3.2.2 Low rate of growth of food supply.......................27 2.3.3 Neo-Malthusians .....................................................................29 2.4 Gaia principle .........................................................................................30 Part 2: Challenges to environmental policy .................................................33 2.5 Interdependence of environmental and energy policies .................33 2.5.1 National oil policy dilemma ..................................................34 2.5.2 How failure to establish a comprehensive energy policy can lead to disjointed decision making ....................35 2.6 Pollution and its environmental impacts ...........................................36 Part 3: Additional policy principles and practices ......................................37 2.7 Selected principles of international policy and law .........................37 2.7.1 Sustainability principle ...........................................................37 2.7.2 Participation principle .............................................................37 2.7.3 Gaia principle ...........................................................................37 2.7.4 Effective management principle ............................................37 2.7.5 Polluter pays principle ............................................................37 2.7.6 Precautionary principle ..........................................................38 2.7.7 Procedural rights .....................................................................38 2.7.8 U.S. National Environmental Policy Act ..............................39 2.7.9 Environmental impact assessments ......................................40 2.8 Policy formulation process and its promulgation .............................40 2.8.1 Formulating an environmental policy .................................40 2.8.2 Components of policy .............................................................40 2.8.3 Example: Developing an environmentally responsible energy policy .......................................................41 2.9 Methodology aspects of policy formulation ......................................41 2.9.1 Managing uncertainty ............................................................42 2.9.1.1 Example: Factors affecting an environmentally responsible energy policy ........................................................................43 2.9.2 Policy process cycle .................................................................44 2.9.3 Five-phased policy fermentation process ............................44 2.9.3.1 Around and around we go, and where we stop ......................................................................45 2.9.3.2 Five-phased problem-identification policy process ......................................................................46 2.9.3.3 Today’s policymaking world .................................47 2.9.4 Discrepancies between formal policy and its implementation ........................................................................47 Contents ix 2.9.5 Changes in policies and the theory of punctuated equilibrium ...............................................................................48 2.9.6 How diverging interests affect environmental policy .........................................................................................48 2.9.7 Schoenbrod’s delegation dilemma ........................................49 2.9.8 Iron Triangle model: Government and the corporations ..............................................................................51 Discussions, problems, and exercises ............................................................51 Class project ......................................................................................................51 Notes ..................................................................................................................52 Chapter 3 Sustainability and environmental policy ............................55 Case study .........................................................................................................55 Coal saves the Industrial Revolution ............................................................55 Learning objectives ..........................................................................................56 3.1 Definitions of sustainability .................................................................57 3.1.1 Achieving sustainability ........................................................59 3.1.2 Difference between sustainability and sustainable development .............................................................................60 3.2 Impact, population, affluence, and technology equation ................61 3.2.1 Technological paradox ............................................................61 3.2.2 Marketing of “sustainable products” vs. the goal of profitability ..................................................................62 3.3 United Nations’ sustainability policy: Agenda 21 ............................62 3.4 Common principles of sustainability .................................................64 3.4.1 Sustainable development, the National Environmental Policy Act, and the Environmental Protection Agency ...................................................................65 3.4.2 Executive order on sustainability ..........................................66 3.4.3 Adoption of sustainability policies .......................................66 3.4.3.1 Basic requirements for global sustainability ...........................................................67 3.4.3.2 Sustainability hierarchy .........................................67 3.4.3.3 Economic costs of sustainability ...........................67 3.4.3.4 Sustainable dilemmas ............................................68 3.4.4 Critics of sustainability ...........................................................68 3.5 Theory of sustainable population growth .........................................69 3.5.1 Approaches to sustainable population policies ..................70 3.6 Measuring sustainable development ..................................................71 3.6.1 Methods for assessing ecological footprint .........................71 3.6.1.1 Global Footprint Network .....................................71 3.6.1.2 Ecological rucksack ................................................73 3.6.1.3 Case studies examples ...........................................74
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