Global Child Poverty and Well-being

625 Pages·2012·2.28 MB·English

GLOBAL CHILD pOverty
AND WeLL-BeING
Measurement, concepts, policy
and action
Foreword by Sir richard jolly, former Assistant Secretary General
of the united nations
Edited by
AlbErto Minujin and SHAilEn nAnDY
GLOBAL CHILD POVERTY
AND WELL-BEING
Measurement, concepts, policy
and action
Edited by Alberto Minujin and Shailen Nandy
First published in Great Britain in 2012 by
The Policy Press
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ISBN 978 1 84742 481 5 (paperback)
ISBN 978 1 84742 482 2 (hardcover)
The rights of Alberto Minujin and Shailen Nandy to be identified as editors of this work
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1988.
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Front cover: image kindly supplied by
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Printed and bound in Great Britain by
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Contents
Notes on contributors xv
Acknowledgements xxvii
Foreword xxix
Sir Richard Jolly, Former Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations
Part 1 1
one Introduction 3
Shailen Nandy and Alberto Minujin
two Child rights, child survival and child poverty: the debate 19
Simon Pemberton, David Gordon and Shailen Nandy
three Equity begins with children 39
Jan Vandemoortele
Part 2 55
four Measuring child poverty and deprivation 57
David Gordon and Shailen Nandy
five Beyond headcount: measures that reflect the breadth
and components of child poverty 103
Sabina Alkire and José Manuel Roche
six Defining child poverty in South Africa using the
socially perceived necessities approach 135
Helen Barnes and Gemma Wright
seven Child well-being in the US: proposal for the
development of a ‘Tots Index’ using the human
development conceptual framework 155
Sarah Burd-Sharps, Patrick Guyer, Ted Lechterman and
Kristen Lewis
eight A snapshot of child well-being in transition countries:
exploring new methods of monitoring child well-being 179
Petra Hoelscher, Dominic Richardson and Jonathan Bradshaw
iii
Global child poverty and well-being
nine Enhancing the fight against child poverty in the
European Union: a benchmarking exercise 207
Isabelle Maquet-Engsted
ten Assessing child well-being in developing countries:
making policies work for children 245
Shirley Gatenio Gabel and Sheila B. Kamerman
Part 3 261
eleven Multidimensional child poverty in Tanzania: analysis
of situation, changes and sensitivity of thresholds 263
Alberto Minujin and Enrique Delamonica
twelve A multidimensional profile of child poverty in
Congo Brazzaville 287
Geranda Notten, Chris de Neubourg, Bethuel Makosso
and Alain Beltran Mpoue
thirteen Multidimensional child poverty in Vietnam 307
Keetie Roelen and Franziska Gassmann
fourteen Multidimensional child deprivation in Iran 325
Sepideh Yousefzadeh Faal Deghati, Andrés Mideros Mora
and Chris de Neubourg
fifteen Multidimensional child poverty in Haiti 357
David Gordon, Audrey Lenoel and Shailen Nandy
sixteen Child poverty in Latin America: multiple deprivation
and monetary measures combined 379
Ernesto Espíndola Advis and María Nieves Rico
seventeen Changes in child poverty and deprivation in
Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia at the end of the
20th century 419
Shailen Nandy
iv
Contents
Part 4 447
eighteen Utopia calling: eradicating child poverty in the
United Kingdom and beyond 449
Ruth Levitas
nineteen Continuity and change in poor children’s lives: evidence
from Young Lives 475
Jo Boyden, Abby Hardgrove and Caroline Knowles
twenty Policy implications of multidimensional poverty
measurement in Morocco 507
Hicham Ait Mansour
twenty-one A multidimensional response to tackling child poverty
and disparities: Reflections from the Global Study on
Child Poverty and Disparities 525
Gaspar Fajth, Sharmila Kurukulasuriya and
Sólrún Engilbertsdóttir
twenty-two Investment in social security: a possible United Nations
model for child benefit? 545
Peter Townsend
twenty-three Conclusion 567
Shailen Nandy and Alberto Minujin
Index 575
v

List of tables and figures
Tables
2.1 The relationship between indicators of severe
deprivation and rights contained in UN CRC 33
4.1 Deprivation thresholds used in UNICEF’s Global Study
on Child Poverty and Disparities 61
4.2 Male life expectancy in Glasgow and selected countries 63
4.3 Relative risk ratios for CONEVAL indicators by poverty
measures 81
4.4 Reliability analysis of the CONEVAL deprivation
indicator index 85
4.5 CONEVAL deprivation index frequencies and average
equivalised household incomes and expenditures 87
4.6 ANOVA and Logistic Regression models of optimum
position for the poverty threshold 92
5.1 Example, part I 109
5.2 Example, part II 110
5.3 Selected indicators and deprivation thresholds 115
5.4 Comparison of multidimensional child poverty for
different poverty cut-offs 116
5.5 Changes over time in multidimensional poverty,
Bangladesh, 1997-2007 117
5A.1 Changes over time in multidimensional poverty by
province, Bangladesh, 1997-2007 133
5A.2 Censored headcount for each indicator by province,
Bangladesh, 1997-2007 133
6.1 Percentage of adults defining an item as essential 140
6.2 Summary of subgroup responses 141
7.1 2008 poverty rates in the US by age, showing that the
highest rates of poverty are among children under three 156
7.2 Correlations between the American HDI and selected
indicators of child well-being 158
8.1 Overview of child well-being in Eastern Europe and
Central Asia 190
8.2 Correlations between single indicators and overall child
well-being 192
8A.1 Overview of indicators used in CEE/CIS Child
Well-Being Index 199
vii
Global child poverty and well-being
8A.2 Overview of indicators and data 202
9.1(a) Relative outcomes of countries related to child poverty
risk and main determinants of child poverty risk,
EU-SILC 2006 222
9.1(b) Relative outcomes of countries related to child poverty
risk and main determinants of child poverty risk,
EU-SILC 2008 223
9.2 Change between 2005 and 2008 in percentage points 228
10.1 A paradigm for child policies and outcomes in
developing countries 253
10A.1 Databases 259
11.1 Child poverty in Tanzania, 2004/05 267
11.2 Depth of child poverty (one, two, three or four and
more deprivations), by place of residence, 2004/05 270
11.3 Severity of child poverty, by place of residence, 2004/05 271
11.4 Distribution of child deprivation by geographic location,
2004/05 273
11.5 Distribution of child deprivation by mainland zones and
Zanzibar, 2004/05 273
11.6 Distribution of child deprivation by household wealth,
2004/05 274
11.7 Depth of child poverty by wealth quintile 274
11.8 Child poverty trends, 1999-2004/05 275
11.9 Depth of child poverty by place of residence, 1999 276
11.10 Incidence and depth of child poverty with alternative
threshold for shelter, 2004/05 278
11.11 Incidence and depth of child poverty with alternative
threshold for sanitation, 2004/05 279
11A.1 Sample analysis of child poverty based on age specific
deprivation 286
12.1 Incidence of deprivation in % of children and individuals 291
12.2 Double deprivations in % of children 292
12.3 Close up: education and money in % of children 293
12.4 Children aged 6-17: profile for deprivation in money
and education 297
12.5 Type of deprivation in education by age and gender 299
12.6 Educational context underlying patterns of deprivation 300
12A.1 Overview of deprivation indicators and thresholds 305
13.1 Indicators of the Vietnam child poverty approach 311
13.2 Indicator and domain poverty rates for children
in Vietnam 314
13.3 Child deprivation and child poverty in Vietnam 317
viii
List of tables and figures
13.4 Multiple poverty and correlation matrix 319
14.1 Indicators for children’s multidimensional poverty in Iran 332
14.2 Demographic stratification comparison (2009) 338
14.3 Dimensional deprivation incidence rate 339
14.4 Education deprivation rate, disaggregated by age
cohorts 340
14.5 Deprivation rate, disaggregated by household type 343
14.6 Deprivation rate in single-headed households,
disaggregated by gender 344
14.7 Child multidimensional deprivation and moderate
deprivation rate 345
14.8 Child multidimensional moderate deprivation rate 346
15.1 Prevalence (%) of severe deprivation and absolute
poverty among children, Haiti, 2005 365
16.1 Definition of indicators; thresholds of severe and
moderate deprivation for children 384
16.2 Household surveys used to measure child poverty
in Latin America 388
16.3 Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator
Cluster Surveys examined by the present study 390
16.4 Latin America (18 countries): children in extreme and
total poverty 391
16.5 Latin America (18 countries): incidence of child poverty
and extreme child poverty by type of geographical area 397
16.6 Latin America (18 countries): child poverty and children
in households with insufficient incomes (monetary
method) 404
17.1 Regional details 421
17.2 Regional populations, sample sizes and sampling
fractions 422
17.3 Percentage change in child population, 1995-2000 423
17.4 Severe deprivation and absolute poverty among
children, Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995-2000 (with 95%
Confidence Intervals (CIs)) 424
17.5 Severe deprivation and absolute poverty among urban
children, Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995 and 2000 (with 95%
Confidence Intervals (CIs)) 425
17.6 Severe deprivation and absolute poverty among rural
children, Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995 and 2000 (with 95%
Confidence Intervals (CIs)) 427
ix