Global Agro-Food Trade and Standards: Challenges for Africa (International Political Economy)

296 Pages·2010·1.79 MB·English

by  Peter Gibbon

InternationalPoliticalEconomySeries
General Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Professor and Director, Institute of International
Relations,TheUniversityoftheWestIndies,Trinidad&Tobago
Titlesinclude:
GlennAdlerandJonnySteinberg(editors)
FROMCOMRADESTOCITIZENS
TheSouthAfricanCivicsMovementandtheTransitiontoDemocracy
GlennAdlerandEddieWebster(editors)
TRADEUNIONSANDDEMOCRATIZATIONINSOUTHAFRICA,1985–1997
EinarBraathen,MortenBøåsandGutermundSæther(editors)
ETHNICITYKILLS?
ThePoliticsofWar,PeaceandEthnicityinSub-SaharanAfrica
DeborahBräutigam
CHINESEAIDANDAFRICANDEVELOPMENT
ExportingGreenRevolution
PádraigCarmody
NEOLIBERALISM,CIVILSOCIETYANDSECURITYINAFRICA
GavinCawthra
SECURINGSOUTHAFRICA’SDEMOCRACY
Defence,DevelopmentandSecurityinTransition
JenniferClapp
ADJUSTMENTANDAGRICULTUREINAFRICA
Farmers,theStateandtheWorldBankinGuinea
NetaC.CrawfordandAudieKlotz(editors)
HOWSANCTIONSWORK
LessonsfromSouthAfrica
StaffanDarnolfandLiisaLaakso(editors)
TWENTYYEARSOFINDEPENDENCEINZIMBABWE
FromLiberationtoAuthoritarianism
SusanDicklitch
THEELUSIVEPROMISEOFNGOSINAFRICA
LessonsfromUganda
KevinC.DunnandTimothyM.Shaw(editors)
AFRICA’SCHALLENGETOINTERNATIONALRELATIONSTHEORY
KennethGood
THELIBERALMODELANDAFRICA
ElitesAgainstDemocracy
PeterGibbon,StefanoPonteandEvelyneLazaro(editors)
GLOBALAGRO-FOODTRADEANDSTANDARDS
ChallengesforAfrica
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Global Agro-Food Trade
and Standards
Challenges for Africa
Editedby
Peter Gibbon
Stefano Ponte
and
Evelyne Lazaro
Introduction,conclusion,selectionandeditorialmatters
©PeterGibbon,StefanoPonteandEvelyneLazaro2010
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Globalagro-foodtradeandstandards:challengesforAfrica/editedby
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p. cm.—(Internationalpoliticaleconomyseries)
ISBN978–0–230–57951–4
1. Farmproduce—Standards—Africa. 2. Foodindustryand
trade—Standards—Africa. 3. Agriculture—Economicaspects—Africa.
I. Gibbon,Peter. II. Lazaro,Evelyne. III. Ponte,Stefano.
TX537.G562010
363.19(cid:2)26096—dc22 2010002687
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainby
CPIAntonyRowe,ChippenhamandEastbourne
Contents
ListofTables,FiguresandMap viii
Acknowledgements xi
NotesonContributors xii
ListofAcronyms xvi
1 Agro-FoodStandardsandAfrica:AnIntroduction 1
PeterGibbonandEvelyneLazaro
Governingthroughstandards 1
Trendsinagro-foodstandards 3
Standards,globalvaluechainrestructuringandexclusion 10
Interventionsaimedatgreaterinclusivity 14
Thecontributionstothisvolume 18
2 ProductCarbonFootprintStandardsandSchemes 21
SimonBolwigandPeterGibbon
Introduction 21
Whycarbonfootprinting? 23
Methodologicalissuesinproductcarbonfootprinting 24
ISOenvironmentalstandardsandcarbonfootprinting 26
Characteristicsofproductcarbonfootprintingschemes 28
ConsumerperceptionsofandreactionstoPCF 38
Discussionandconclusion 39
3 InstitutionalCapacityforFoodSafetyConformity
inTanzania 43
AdamAkyooandEvelyneLazaro
Introduction 43
ThespicesectorinTanzania 45
Standardsforspices 45
Localcapacityforstandardsconformityassessment 55
Concludingremarks 66
v
vi Contents
4 AnAnalysisofOrganicContractFarmingSchemesin
EastAfrica 70
PeterGibbon,AdamAkyoo,SimonBolwig,SamJones,YumiaoLin
andLouiseLundRants
Introduction 70
ContractfarminginAfrica 71
Theeconomicsoforganicfarming 74
Theorganiccontractfarmingschemessurveyed 75
Researchquestionsandmethods 82
Results 85
Interpretation 94
Conclusion 96
Appendix:analyticalstrategy 98
5 ChallengesandOpportunitiesofOrganicAgriculture
inTanzania 101
EmmanuelR.MbihaandGasperC.Ashimogo
Introduction 101
Background 101
Developmentsinorganicproduction,processingand
marketinginTanzania 103
Problems,prospectsandfutureoutlookoftheorganicsector 109
Conclusion 111
Appendix 112
6 SustainabilityStandardsandAgro-FoodExportsfrom
EastAfrica 120
EvelyneLazaro,LoneRiisgaard,FredyKilima,Jeremiah
MakindaraandRaymondMnenwa
Introduction 120
Sustainabilitystandards 121
Thestandardsandtheirlocaladoption 123
UTZCERTIFIEDcoffeeinTanzania 125
GlobalGAPcertifiedvegetablesinTanzania 127
SocialstandardsinthecutflowerindustriesofKenyaand
Tanzania 131
Conclusion 134
7 LocalizingPrivateSocialStandards:StandardInitiativesin
KenyanCutFlowers 136
LoneRiisgaard
Introduction 136
PrivatesocialstandardsandcutflowersinKenya 138
Contents vii
Kenyansocialstandardinitiatives 144
Conclusion 157
8 FoodSafetyStandardsandFisheryLivelihoodsinEast
Africa 162
ReubenM.J.Kadigi,NtenguaS.Y.Mdoe,EphraimSenkondo
andZenaMpenda
Introduction 162
ThedevelopmentoftheNileperchvaluechaininEastAfrica 164
Livelihooddimensions 169
Conclusion 182
9 WhentheMarketHelps:Standards,EcolabelsandResource
ManagementSystemsinEastAfricanExportFisheries 184
StefanoPonte,ReubenM.J.KadigiandWinnieMitullah
Introduction 184
Meetingfoodsafetystandards 185
Sustainabilityandfisherymanagementsystems 190
Ecolabelling 195
Conclusions 200
10 EuropeanFoodSafetyRegulationandDeveloping
Countries’RegulatoryProblemsandPossibilities 205
MortenBroberg
Introduction 205
TheEU’sfoodsafetyregime 205
Identifyingthebarriers 206
Overcomingthebarriers 217
Perspectivesforthefuture 223
Appendix:ApplicationoftheEuropeanfoodsafetyregime
anddevelopingcountries 225
EkaterinaBang-Andersen
11 Conclusion 232
StefanoPonte
Thecontent,coverageandproliferationofstandards 232
Thegovernanceofstandards,localparticipationandissues
relatedtoconformity 234
Standards,valuechainrestructuringandwelfareoutcomes 239
Finalremarks 242
References 244
Index 265
List of Tables, Figures and Map
Tables
2.1 Selectedcharacteristicsofthesurveyedproductcarbon
footprintingschemes(asofJanuary2009) 29
3.1 Tanzaniastandardphysicalandchemicalrequirementsfor
black/whitepepper,chilliesandcapsicum 47
3.2 Limitsofmicro-organismsinspices(Tanzanianational
standards) 49
3.3 Generalmicrobiologicalspecification–Germanyand
Netherlands 49
3.4 EUFoodSafetyStandardsforSpices 50
3.5 Summaryoflegislationonaflatoxinsindeveloped
spice-importingcountries 52
3.6 MaximumpesticidesresidueslimitsinGermany,
NetherlandsandUnitedKingdom 53
3.7 RequisitelaboratoryequipmentforSalmonellatesting 55
3.8 Summaryofphysicalcapacityforfoodsafetytestingby
institution,2008 57
3.9 Summaryofprofessionalcapacityforfoodsafetytestingby
institution,2008 58
3.10 IMOandTANCERTfeesschedules 64
4.1 FirstandthirdgenerationcontractfarminginAfrica 73
4.2 Organiccontractfarmingschemessurveyed,2005–09 76
4.3 Descriptivestatistics(means) 78
4.4 Profitmodelsforschemeparticipation 86
4.5 Poissonmodelsfororganicfarmingpractices 89
4.6 Regressionresultsfornetrevenuefromcertifiedcrop(s) 92
4.7 Regression(FIML)resultsforyieldpertree(log),Kawacom
andEsco(2009survey)schemes 96
5A.1 Tanzania:organicproducers,productsandareaunder
production 112
6.1 Thecasestudies 121
8.1 Meanvalueofhouseholdassets(Tsh)ofparticipantsinthe
Nileperchexportandotherfisheries 171
8.2 Meanannualhouseholdnetincomefordifferentgroups
ofactorsintheNileperchandotherfisheryvalue
chains(Tsh) 177
viii
ListofTables,FiguresandMap ix
8.3 Testsofsignificanceforpairedcomparisonsofmean
annualhouseholdnetincomefromfishing
activities 179
8.4 Meanhouseholdgrossincome,operatingcostsandnet
incomefromfisheryactivities(Tsh) 180
8.5 Estimateofaggregatenetincomeperannumfor
fishersandboatownersintheTanzanianpartof
LakeVictoria 181
9.1 ExportsofNileperchtoalldestinations(chilledandfrozen
fillets,guttedandheaded)fromLakeVictoria(1992–2007;
millionUSD) 187
10.1 Membersraisingandsupportingconcernswiththe
EuropeanCommunityunderWTOSPSCommittee
procedures,1995–2008 221
10A.1 Evolutionofnotificationssince1997 226
10A.2 Notificationsarisingatbordersbyhazardcategory
2005–07 227
10A.3 Notificationsbyoriginoftheproduct,classifiedbyworld
region 228
10A.4 Notificationsbyregionoforiginoftheproduct,expressed
intermsofUS$billionworthofEUfoodimportsfromthe
regionoforigin 228
10A.5 NotificationsbynotifyingEUMemberState2002–07 229
Figures
3.1 Thesupplychain(s)forTanzanianspices 46
4.1 Distributionsof(a)averagepricesreceivedand
(b)proportionofcoffeecropprocessedforcertified
organicfarmersandnon-organicfarmers 95
8.1 TheNileperchvaluechaininEastAfricabeforethestartof
exports 165
8.2 ThecontemporaryNileperchvaluechaininEastAfrica 167
8.3 Meanvalueofhouseholdfishingassets,Nileperch
collectors 172
8.4 Meanhouseholdlandholdings,LakeVictoriafishery
participants 172
8.5 Meanvalueofhouseholds’otherassets,LakeVictoriafishery
participants 173
8.6 Meanhouseholdlivestockholdings,LakeVictoriafishery
participants 173
8.7 Meanhouseholdadultlabourequivalentlevel,LakeVictoria
fisheryparticipants 174