Glencoe Science: Level Blue, Student Edition

892 Pages·2008·74.94 MB·English

by  Alton Biggs

i s e
nteractive tudent dition

Level Blue
This furnace is used in the
production ofsteel.Steel is
formed by heating molten iron
and scrap steel at 1550°C.The
Grand Canyon was formed by
over one billion years oferosion.
These tropical fish are found in
waters that maintain a constant
temperature between 70°C and
78°C.Color may give these fish
a way to communicate with or
attract mates.
Copyright ©2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.Except as permitted under
the United States Copyright Act,no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any
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of the publisher.
The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society’s
Education Division.Copyright ©National Geographic Society.The name “National Geographic Society”
and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society,and their use,without prior written
permission,is strictly prohibited.
The “Science and Society”and the “Science and History”features that appear in this book were
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border are trademarks of Time Inc.All rights reserved.
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ISBN:978-0-07-877810-0
MHID:0-07-877810-7
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 079/043 09 08 07 06
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Contents
In Brief
Humans and Heredity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 C
o
n
Chapter 1 The Nature of Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 t
e
Chapter 2 Traits and How They Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 n
t
s
Chapter 3 Interactions of Human Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 I
n
B
Ecology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 ri
e
f
Chapter 4 Interactions of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Chapter 5 The Nonliving Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Chapter 6 Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Earth’s Changes over Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Chapter 8 Earthquakes and Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Chapter 9 Clues to Earth’s Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Chapter 10 Geologic Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Earth’s Place in the Universe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Chapter 11 The Sun-Earth-Moon System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Chapter 12 The Solar System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Chapter 13 Stars and Galaxies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Chemistry of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Chapter 14 Inside the Atom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Chapter 15 The Periodic Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Chapter 16 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Chapter 17 Chemical Reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Motion,Forces,and Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Chapter 18 Motion and Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Chapter 19 Force and Newton’s Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Chapter 20 Work and Simple Machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Chapter 21 Thermal Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
Physical Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Chapter 22 Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Chapter 23 Magnetism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Chapter 24 Waves,Sound,and Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
Authors
Peter Rillero, PhD
Associate Professor ofScience Education
Education Division Arizona State University West
Washington,D.C. Phoenix,AZ
Alton Biggs Dinah Zike
Retired Biology Teacher Educational Consultant
Allen High School Dinah-Might Activities,Inc.
Allen,TX San Antonio,TX
Ralph M. Feather Jr., PhD
Assistant Professor
Geoscience Department
Indiana University ofPennsylvania
Indiana,PA
Series Consultants
CONTENT
Alton J.Banks,PhD Jerome A.Jackson,PhD Connie Rizzo,MD,PhD
Director ofthe Faculty Center Whitaker Eminent Scholar in Science Depatment ofScience/Math
for Teaching and Learning Program Director Marymount Manhattan College
North Carolina State University Center for Science,Mathematics, New York,NY
Raleigh,NC and Technology Education
Florida GulfCoast University Dominic Salinas,PhD
Jack Cooper Fort Meyers,FL Middle School Science Supervisor
Ennis High School Caddo Parish Schools
Ennis,TX William C.Keel,PhD Shreveport,LA
Department ofPhysics
Sandra K.Enger,PhD and Astronomy Cheryl Wistrom
Associate Director, University ofAlabama St.Joseph’s College
Associate Professor Tuscaloosa,AL Rensselaer,IN
UAH Institute for Science Education
Huntsville,AL Linda McGaw Carl Zorn,PhD
Science Program Coordinator StaffScientist
David G.Haase,PhD Advanced Placement Strategies,Inc. Jefferson Laboratory
North Carolina State University Dallas,TX Newport News,VA
Raleigh,NC
Madelaine Meek MATH
Michael A.Hoggarth,PhD Physics Consultant Editor
Department ofLife and Lebanon,OH Michael Hopper,DEng
Earth Sciences Manager ofAircraft Certification
Otterbein College Robert Nierste L-3 Communications
Westerville,OH Science Department Head Greenville,TX
Hendrick Middle School,Plano ISD
Plano,TX Teri Willard,EdD
Mathematics Curriculum Writer
Belgrade,MT
iv
READING Rachel Swaters-Kissinger ACTIVITY TESTERS
Science Teacher
Elizabeth Babich John Boise Middle School Nerma Coats Henderson
Special Education Teacher Warsaw,MO Pickerington Lakeview Jr.High
Mashpee Public Schools School
Mashpee,MA SAFETY Pickerington,OH
Barry Barto Aileen Duc,PhD Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka
Special Education Teacher Science 8 Teacher William D.Slider Middle School
John F.Kennedy Elementary Hendrick Middle School,Plano ISD El Paso,TX
Manistee,MI Plano,TX
Science Kit and Boreal
Carol A.Senf,PhD Sandra West,PhD Laboratories
School ofLiterature, Department ofBiology Tonawanda,NY
Communication,and Culture Texas State University-San Marcos
Georgia Institute ofTechnology San Marcos,TX
Atlanta,GA
Reviewers
Deidre Adams Lois Burdette Annette D’Urso Garcia
West Vigo Middle School Green Bank Elementary-Middle Kearney Middle School
West Terre Haute,IN School Commerce City,CO
Green Bank,WV
Sharla Adams Sandra Everhart
IPC Teacher Marcia Chackan Dauphin/Enterprise Jr.High Schools
Allen High School Pine Crest School Enterprise,AL
Allen,TX Boca Raton,FL
Mary Ferneau
Maureen Barrett Obioma Chukwu Westview Middle School
Thomas E.Harrington Middle School J.H.Rose High School Goose Creek,SC
Mt.Laurel,NJ Greenville,NC
Cory Fish
John Barry Nerma Coats Henderson Burkholder Middle School
Seeger Jr.-Sr.High School Pickerington Lakeview Jr. Henderson,NV
West Lebanon,IN High School
Pickerington,OH Linda V.Forsyth
Desiree Bishop Retired Teacher
Environmental Studies Center Karen Curry Merrill Middle School
Mobile County Public Schools East Wake Middle School Denver,CO
Mobile,AL Raleigh,NC
George Gabb
William Blair Joanne Davis Great Bridge Middle School
Retired Teacher Murphy High School Chesapeake Public Schools
J.Marshall Middle School Murphy,NC Chesapeake,VA
Billerica,MA
Anthony J.DiSipio,Jr. Lynne Huskey
Tom Bright 8th Grade Science Chase Middle School
Concord High School Octorana Middle School Forest City,NC
Charlotte,NC Atglen,PA
v
Maria E.Kelly Amy Morgan Dee Stout
Principal Berry Middle School Penn State University
Nativity School Hoover,AL University Park,PA
Catholic Diocese ofArlington
Burke,VA Norma Neely,EdD Darcy Vetro-Ravndal
Associate Director for Regional Hillsborough High School
Michael Mansour Projects Tampa,FL
Board Member Texas Rural Systemic Initiative
National Middle Level Science Austin,TX Karen Watkins
Teacher’s Association Perry Meridian Middle School
John Page Middle School Annette Parrott Indianapolis,IN
Madison Heights,MI Lakeside High School
Atlanta,GA Clabe Webb
Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka Permian High School
William D.Slider Middle School Nora M.Prestinari Burchett Ector County ISD
El Paso,TX Saint Luke School Odessa,TX
McLean,VA
Michelle Mazeika-Simmons Alison Welch
Whiting Middle School Mark Sailer William D.Slider Middle School
Whiting,IN Pioneer Jr.-Sr.High School El Paso,TX
Royal Center,IN
Joe McConnell Kim Wimpey
Speedway Jr.High School Joanne Stickney North Gwinnett High School
Indianapolis,IN Monticello Middle School Suwanee,GA
Monticello,NY
Sharon Mitchell Kate Ziegler
William D.Slider Middle School Durant Road Middle School
El Paso,TX Raleigh,NC
vi
Teacher Advisor Board
The Teacher Advisory Board gave the authors,editorial staff,and design team feedback
on the content and design of the Student Edition.They provided valuable input in the
development of the 2008 edition of Glencoe Science Level Blue.
John Gonzales Marie Renner Rubidel Peoples
Challenger Middle School Diley Middle School Meacham Middle School
Tucson,AZ Pickerington,OH Fort Worth,TX
Rachel Shively Nelson Farrier Kristi Ramsey
Aptakisic Jr.High School Hamlin Middle School Navasota Jr.High School
Buffalo Grove,IL Springfield,OR Navasota,TX
Roger Pratt JeffRemington
Manistique High School Palmyra Middle School
Manistique,MI Palmyra,PA
Kirtina Hile Erin Peters
Northmor Jr.High/High School Williamsburg Middle School
Galion,OH Arlington,VA
Student Advisory Board
The Student Advisory Board gave the authors,editorial staff,and design team feedback
on the design of the Student Edition.We thank these students for their hard work and
creative suggestions in making the 2008 edition of Glencoe Science Level Blue student
friendly.
Jack Andrews Addison Owen
Reynoldsburg Jr.High School Davis Middle School
Reynoldsburg,OH Dublin,OH
Peter Arnold Teriana Patrick
Hastings Middle School Eastmoor Middle School
Upper Arlington,OH Columbus,OH
Emily Barbe Ashley Ruz
Perry Middle School Karrar Middle School
Worthington,OH Dublin,OH
Kirsty Bateman
Hilliard Heritage Middle School
Hilliard,OH
Andre Brown
Spanish Emersion Academy
Columbus,OH
Chris Dundon
Heritage Middle School
Westerville,OH
The Glencoe middle school science Student
Ryan Manafee
Advisory Board taking a timeout at COSI,
Monroe Middle School
Columbus,OH a science museum in Columbus, Ohio.
vii
Aaron Haupt
Evans
John
Why do I need
my science book?
Before You Read
Have you ever been in class and
not understood all of what was (cid:1) Chapter Opener Science is occurring all around you,
and the opening photo of each chapter will preview the
presented? Or, you understood
science you will be learning about.The Chapter
everything in class, but at home,
Preview will give you an idea of what you will be
got stuck on how to answer a
learning about,and you can try the Launch Lab to
question? Maybe you just
help get your brain headed in the right direction.The
wondered when you were ever
Foldables exercise is a fun way to keep you organized.
going to use this stuff?
(cid:1) Section Opener Chapters are divided into two to four
These next few pages
sections.The As You Read in the margin of the first
are designed to help you
page of each section will let you know what is most
understand everything your
important in the section.It is divided into four parts.
science book can be used
What You’ll Learn will tell you the major topics you
for . . . besides a paperweight!
will be covering.Why It’s Important will remind you
why you are studying this in the first place! The
Review Vocabulary word is a word you already know,
either from your science studies or your prior knowl-
edge.The New Vocabulary words are words that you
need to learn to understand this section.These words
will be in boldfaced print and highlighted in the
section.Make a note to yourself to recognize these
words as you are reading the section.
Science Vocabulary Make the
following Foldable to help you
understand the vocabulary
terms in this chapter.
STEP 1 Folda vertical
As You Read sheet of notebook
paper from side to
(cid:1) Headings Each section has a title side.
in large red letters,and is further
divided into blue titles and
STEP 2 Cutalong every third line of only the
small red titles at the begin- top layer to form tabs.
nings of some paragraphs.
To help you study,make an
outline of the headings and
subheadings.
(cid:1) Margins In the margins of
STEP 3 Labeleach tab with a vocabulary
Evans your text,you will find many helpful word from the chapter.
Disc, (b)John Irnestoeugrrcaetes.aTchtiev iStcieise nhceelp O ynoluin eexpexloerrcei tshese atonpdics
Photo you are studying.MiniLabsreinforce the sci-
(t)
ence concepts you have learned. Build Vocabulary As you read the chapter, list
the vocabulary words on the tabs. As you learn
(cid:1) Building Skills You also will find an
the definitions, write them under the tab for
Applying Math or Applying Science activity
each vocabulary word.
in each chapter.This gives you extra prac-
tice using your new knowledge,and helps
prepare you for standardized tests.
(cid:1) Student Resources At the end of the book
you will find Student Resourcesto help you
throughout your studies.These include
Science,Technology,andMath Skill Hand-
books,anEnglish/Spanish Glossary,and an
Index.Also,use your Foldablesas a resource. Look For...
It will help you organize information,and
review before a test.
(cid:1) In Class Remember,you can always At the beginning of
every section.
ask your teacher to explain anything
you don’t understand.
ix