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Glaucoma medical therapy : principles and management PDF

313 Pages·2007·5.11 MB·English
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Glaucoma Medical Therapy Ophthalmology Monographs A series published by Oxford University Press in cooperation with the American Academy of Ophthalmology Series Editor: Richard K. Parrish, II, MD, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute American Academy of Ophthalmology Clinical Education Secretariat: Louis B. Cantor, MD, Indiana University School of Medicine Gregory L. Skuta, MD, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute 1. Retinal Detachment: Principles and Practice, third edition Daniel A. Brinton and Charles P. Wilkinson 2. Electrophysiologic Testing in Disorders of the Retina, Optic Nerve, and Visual Pathway, second edition Gerald Allen Fishman, David G. Birch, Graham E. Holder, and Mitchell G. Brigell 3. Visual Fields: Examination and Interpretation, second edition Thomas J. Walsh 4. Glaucoma Surgery: Principles and Techniques, second edition Edited by Robert N. Weinreb and Richard P. Mills 5. Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography: Technique and Interpretation, second edition Joseph W. Berkow, Robert W. Flower, David H. Orth, and James S. Kelley 6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography: Clinical Neuro-Orbital Anatomy Jonathan D. Wirtschafter, Eric L. Berman, and Carolyn S. McDonald 7. Cataract Surgery and Intraocular Lenses: A 21st-Century Perspective, second edition Edited by Jerry G. Ford and Carol L. Karp 8. Volumes 1, 2, and 3, Surgery of the Eyelid, Orbit and Lacrimal System Edited by William B. Stewart 9. Surgical Anatomy of the Ocular Adnexa: A Clinical Approach David R. Jordan and Richard L. Anderson 10. Optic Nerve Disorders, second edition Edited by Lanning B. Kline and Rod Foroozan 11. Laser Photocoagulation of the Retina and Choroid (with slide set) James C. Folk and Jose´ S. Pulido 12. Low Vision Rehabilitation: Caring for the Whole Person Edited by Donald C. Fletcher 13. Glaucoma Medical Therapy: Principles and Management, second edition Edited by Peter A. Netland 14. Diabetes and Ocular Disease: Past, Present, and Future Therapies, second edition Edited by Ingrid U. Scott, Harry W. Flynn, Jr., and William E. Smiddy 15. HIV/AIDS and the Eye: A Global Perspective Emmett T. Cunningham, Jr., and Rubens Belfort, Jr. 16. Corneal Dystrophies and Degenerations Edited by Ming X. Wang 17. Strabismus Surgery: Basic and Advanced Techniques Edited by David A. Plager; written by Edward G. Buckley, David A. Plager, Michael X. Repka, and M. Edward Wilson; contributions by Marshall M. Parks and Gunter K. von Noorden www.oup.com/us/aao/plager/strabismus 18. A Compendium of Inherited Disorders and the Eye Elias I. Traboulsi www.oup.com/us/aao/traboulsi/genetic GLAUCOMA MEDICAL THERAPY Principles and Management, Second Edition Edited by PETER A. NETLAND, MD, PhD Published by Oxford University Press In cooperation with The American Academy of Ophthalmology 1 2008 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright Ó 2008 by Peter A. Netland Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Glaucoma medical therapy : principles and management / edited by Peter A. Netland.—2nd ed. p. ; cm. — (Ophthalmology monographs ; 13) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-532850-9 1. Glaucoma—Chemotherapy. I. Netland, Peter A. II. American Academy of Ophthalmology. III. Series. [DNLM: 1. Glaucoma—drug therapy. 2. Intraocular Pressure—drug effects. W1 OP372L v.13 2007 / WW 290 G550152 2007] RE871.G554 2007 617.7'41061—dc22 2007013167 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China on acid-free paper Legal Notice he American Academy of Ophthalmology provides the opportunity for material to be presented for educational purposes only. The material rep- T resents the approach, ideas, statement, or opinion of the author, not nec- essarily the only or best method or procedure in every case, nor the position of the Academy. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the opinions expressed and state- ments made by various authors in this monograph reflect the author’s observations and do not imply endorsement by the Academy. The material is not intended to replace a physician’s own judgment or give specific advice for case management. The Academy does not endorse any of the products or companies, if any, mentioned in this monograph. Some material on recent developments may include information on drug or de- vice applications that are not considered community standard, that reflect indica- tions not included in approved FDA labeling, or that are approved for use only in restricted research settings. This information is provided as education only so that physicians may be aware of alternative methods of the practice of medicine, and should not be considered endorsement, promotion, or in any way encouragement to use such applications. The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the phy- sician to determine the FDA status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use in clinical practice, and to use these products with appropriate patient consent and in compliance with applicable law. The Academy and Oxford University Press (OUP) do not make any warranties as to the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any material presented here, which is provided on an ‘‘as is’’ basis. The Academy and OUP are not liable to anyone for any errors, inaccuracies, or omissions obtained here. The Academy specifically disclaims any and all liability for injury or other damages of any kind for any and all claims that may arise out of the use of any practice, technique, or drug described in any material by any author, whether such claims are asserted by a physician or any other person. Peter A. Netland, MD, PhD (left), and Robert C. Allen, MD (right), Memphis, Tennessee, 2000. Preface n the latter part of the nineteenth century, effective medical treatment for glaucoma was championed by physicians who had studied under Albrecht von I Graefe. In 1876, Ludwig Laqueur, a professor in Strasbourg, France, recom- mended the use of an extract of the calabar bean, the seed of an African vine that is a source of physostigmine. At about the same time, Adolf Weber, a practicing oph- thalmologist in Darmstadt, Germany, advocated the use of an extract of jaborandi, a South American shrub that contains pilocarpine. Although these drugs did not treat the underlying cause of glaucoma, they successfully controlled intraocular pressure in many patients. Miosis-inducing parasympathomimetic drugs remained the mainstay of medical therapy for glaucoma for the next 75 years, until the in- troduction of oral acetazolamide and topical epinephrine in the 1950s, followed by topical ophthalmic beta blockers in the 1970s. In recent years, a large number of drugs have been developed for the treatment of glaucoma. With the increasing choices of alternative medications, miotic drugs, acetazolamide, and epinephrine are now less frequently used to treat chronic glau- coma. Prostaglandin analogs, topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and adrenergic agonists have played an increasingly important role in the medical therapy of glaucoma.While naturally available substances provided the earliest glaucomamed- ications, new drugs are now developed through computational and synthetic che- mical techniques. Currently available glaucoma medications have been approved for clinical use based upon their ability to lower intraocular pressure, although medications are being considered with other primary mechanisms of action that are thought to be potentially beneficial in glaucoma therapy. The clinical use of drugs for glaucoma therapy has evolved, adapting with the advent of each new drug. viii Preface Clinicians need to understand, synthesize, and use data about medications that have specific benefits and risks for their glaucoma patients. An ideal drug would have no side effects, would be effortless to administer, would cost nothing, and would be 100% effective in controlling or eliminating the problem. Currently, the ideal drug for glaucoma does not exist. Nonetheless, in- vestigators continually strive to improve glaucoma medical therapy, which will likely continue to improve in the future. New experimental and clinical investiga- tions are promising and may open new therapeutic targets for treatment of glau- coma in the future. The focus of this book is the current art and science of clinically available drugs for medical therapy of glaucoma. The contributors have attempted to provide evidence-based information about the topic, while providing perspective from clinical experience. This is a peer-reviewed, edited, multiauthor book, with chapters contributed by individuals with expertise in the medical therapy of glaucoma. The book is intended to provide information about glaucoma medical therapy for practicing ophthal- mologists and ophthalmologists in training. Other practitioners who have clinical contact with glaucoma patients also may find the content of this monograph valu- able. The material in this book on the medical management of glaucoma comple- ments the surgical orientation of the second edition of Glaucoma Surgery: Princi- ples and Techniques, edited by Robert N.Weinreb, MD, and Richard P. Mills, MD, and published by the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Oxford University Press. In the second edition of this book, all chapters have been thoroughly revised and updated, and new chapters regarding fixed-combination drugs and medical treat- ment in pregnancy and pediatric patients have been added. Some chapters have required addition of extensive new material because of the changes in medical therapy of glaucoma since the publication of the first edition of the book in 1999. In 2005, Robert C. Allen, MD, co-editor for the first edition, succumbed to the com- plications of uveal melanoma. He was an esteemed clinical colleague and investi- gator, prolific academic, respected department chair, devoted family man, and cherished friend. The contributors to this edition of Glaucoma Medical Therapy have dedicated their efforts to the memory of Dr. Robert C. Allen (1950–2005). Peter A. Netland, MD, PhD Educational Objectives The educational objectives of this monograph are to Identify the different categories of drugs and combinations of drugs used to treat glaucoma Outline the treatment regimens employed with specific medications Describe the side effects and contraindications of specific medications Demonstrate how different drugs may be used either alone or in combination to achieve the desired therapeutic effect Provide updated information on medications and their role in glaucoma ther- apy Familiarize the reader with the effect of systemic medications on intraocular pressure Explain the use of osmotic drugs in the management of angle-closure glaucoma and secondary glaucomas Educate the reader on the use of medications in specific types of glaucoma, such as pediatric, pigmentary, corticosteroid-induced, and neovascular glaucoma Encourage the reader to monitor patient compliance with recommended regi- mens and offer suggestions to improve compliance Define maximum tolerable medical therapy Analyze the use of medications in conjunction with laser or filtration surgery

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