Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change: Proceedings of the Symposium on Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change, held in Amsterdam, 1–5 June 1987 PDF
Preview Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change: Proceedings of the Symposium on Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change, held in Amsterdam, 1–5 June 1987
GLACIER FLUCTUATIONS AND CLIMATIC CHANGE GLACIOLOGY AND QUATERNARY GEOLOGY Series Editor: C. R. BENTLEY University ofWisconsin-Madison, Department ofG eology and Geophysics, Madison, Wisconsin, U.SA. The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. GLACIER FLUCTUATIONS AND CLIMATIC CHANGE Proceedings of the Symposium on Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change, held in Amsterdam, 1-5 June 1987 Edited by J. OERLEMANS Institute of Meteorology and Oceanography, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Workshop on Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change <1987 Amsterdam, Netherlands) Glacier fluctuations and climatic change proceedings of the Workshop on Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change, held in Amsterdam, 1-5 June 1987 ! edited by J. Oerlemans. p. em. -- <Glaciology and quaternary geologyl ISBN 978-90-481-4040-4 ISBN 978-94-015-7823-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-7823-3 1. Glaciers--Congresses. 2. Climatic changes--Congresses. I. Oerlemans, J. <Johannesl, 1950- II. Title. III. Series. OE576.W67 1987 551.3' 12--dc19 88-34142 ISBN 978-90-481-4040-4 All Rights Reserved © 1989 by Springer Science+ Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1989 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. CONTENTS Preface ix Episodic palaeozoic glaciation in the Cape-Karoo basin, South Africa 1 J.N.J. VISSER Quaternary glaciations and palaeoclimate of Mount Kenya, east 13 Africa W.C. MAHANEY, R.W. BARENDREGT and W. VORTISCH Tephrochronological studies of holocene glacier fluctuations in south Iceland A.J. DUGMORE Relationship ofland terminating and fjord glaciers to holocene 57 climatic change, South Georgia, Antarctica C.M. CLAPPERTON, D.E. SUGDEN, and M. PELTO Glacier changes following the little ice age- a survey of the 77 international data basis and its perspectives W. HAEBERLI, P. MULLER, P. ALEAN and H.BOSCH A description of the United States' contribution to the world glacier 103 inventory C.S.BROWN Historic glacier variations in Scandinavia 109 J. BOGEN, B. WOLD and G. 0STREM The decline of the last little ice age in high Asia compared with that in the Alps W.KICK Variations of Rio Plomo glaciers, Andes Centrales Argentinas 143 J.C. LEIVA, L.E. LENZANO, G.A. CABRERA and J.A. SUAREZ Effects of topographic and climatic controls on 19th and 20th 153 century glacier changes in the Lyngen and Bergsfjord areas, North Norway. W.B. WHALLEY, J.E. GORDON and A.F. GELLATLY A historical perspective of the nineteenth century ice trade 173 R.A. SMITH vi CONTENTS Mass balance history of Blue Glacier, Washington, U.S.A. 183 R.L. ARMSTRONG Mass balance and volume of South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 193 1958-1985 R.M. KRIMMEL Field stations for glacier-climate research, West Greenland 2!J7 O.B. OLESEN and R.J. BRAITHWAITE Calculation of glacier ablation from air temperature, West 219 Greenland R.J.BRAITHWAITE and O.B.OLESEN Hydrometeorological conditions, mass balance and runoff from 235 Alpine glaciers D.N. COLLINS On the blowing snow in Adelie Land, Eastern Antarctica 261 G. WENDLER Altitudinal shift of the equilibrium line in Greenland calculated 281 from heat balance characteristics W. AMBACH and M. KUHN The evolution of the englacial temperature distribution in the 289 superimposed ice zone of a polar ice cap during a summer season W. GREUELL and J. OERLEMANS Energy balance calculations on and near Hintereisferner 305 (Austria) and an estimate of the effect of greenhouse warming on ablation W.GREUELLandJ.OERLEMANS Energy and mass balance studies in the firn area of the 325 Hintereisferner R. J. HARDING, N. ENTRASSER, H. ESCHER-VETTER, A. JENKINS, G. KASER, M. KUHN, E.M. MORRIS and G. TANZER A simple method for determining the response time of glaciers 343 T. JOHANNESSON, C.F. RAYMOND and E.D. WADDINGTON On the response ofvalley glaciers to climatic change 353 J. OERLEMANS Numerical modelling of Glacier d'Argentiere and its historic front 373 variations PH. HUYBRECHTS, P. DE NOOZE and H. DECLEIR CONTENTS vii Historic front variations of the Rhone Glacier: simulation with an 391 ice flow model A. STROEVEN, R.VAN DE WAL and J. OERLEMANS The response of the equilibrium line altitude to climate 4D7 fluctuations: theory and observations M.KUHN PREFACE This book forms the proceedings of an international conference on Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change, held in Amsterdam, at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, 1 - 5 June 1987. The conference was organized by the Institute of Meteorology and Oceanography (University of Utrecht), and endorsed by the Netherlands section of the INQUA-commission. The purpose of the meeting was to bring together scientists from various disciplines that, in one way or another, study glacier fluctuations. About 90 scientists participated in the meeting. Disciplines like geology, palynology, geomorphology, meteorology and glaciology were represented, and the 45 contributions gave a remarkably good overview of how many entries there are in studying glacier fluctuations. The differences in approach showed up clearly, leading to many lively discussions, in particular between modellers and people working in the field. I think we all learned a lot ! The production of this volume has taken more time than foreseen, due to the unexpectedly large number of papers that were submitted. The review procedure was time consuming, but has certainly contributed to the quality of the papers. I am indebted to all reviewers for their help in this matter. I like to express my gratitude to the Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment for financial support in the organization of the conference. Further financial and administrative help was provided by the University of Utrecht. The pleasant and efficient organization was to a large extent due to the efforts of Marjolijn Verhoeven, Eveline Plesman and Pieter Thijssen. My special thanks go to Marjolijn Verhoeven, who did most of the typing and lay-out of this book. I am also grateful to Eveline Plesman and Christina de Jong, who assisted in the last stage of preparation. I hope that this volume will prove to be of value to anyone studying the fluctuations of glaciers. Johannes Oerlemans Utrecht, September 1988 ix EPISODIC PALAEOZOIC GLACIATION IN THE CAPE-KAROO BASIN, SOUTH AFRICA J.N.J. Visser Geology Department P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa ABSTRACT Late Ordovician (Caradoc to Ashgill) glacial sediments, having a maximum thickness of 150 m and being deposited over a period of about 12 Ma during a low-latitude temperate glaciation, are interbedded in quartz arenites of the Cape Supergroup. Marine sandstone and stratified diamictite deposited during an interglacial, and soft sediment pavements separate basal massive arenaceous diamictite from upper argillaceous diamictite. Permo-Carboniferous (Stephanian to Asselian) glacial deposits, having a maximum thickness of 800 m, at the base of the thick Karoo mudrock-sandstone sequence, unconformably overlies the Cape Supergroup and pre-Cape basement. Glacial sedimentation occurred over a period of about 19 Ma during a high-latitude temperate glaciation. About 90 per cent of the glacial sequence consists of massive argillaceous diamictite formed by lodgement, melt-out and debris rain processes on a marine shelf. Two units consisting of interglacial sediments are interbedded in the massive diamictites. The two macro-scale glaciation periods, following no systematic pattern in southwestern Gondwana, occurred during a cool to cold climatic period lasting for about 270 Ma from the mid-Cambrian to the mid-Permian in the Cape-Karoo basin. The main reason for this period of below average global temperature, was the proximity of the basin during most of the time to the south pole. The high incidence of plate tectonics during this period affected the distribution of land masses and epicontinental seas, and mountain building on southwestern Gondwana as well as the orientation of the plate rotational axis. A combination of these factors probably triggered the two glaciations. Meso-scale warmer cycles with a periodicity of 8 to 9 Ma during the Permo Carboniferous can be correlated with third-order Vail cycles and are attributed to plate tectonics. J. Oerlemo.ns ( ed.), Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change, 1-12. © 1989 by Kluwer Academic Publishers.
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