GIS for Critical Infrastructure Protection

272 Pages·2015·8.255 MB·English

by  Robert F. Austin, David P. DiSera, Talbot J. Brooks

GIS for Critical
Infrastructure
Protection

GIS for Critical
Infrastructure
Protection
Robert F. Austin
David P. DiSera
Talbot J. Brooks
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Version Date: 20150605
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Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................xiii
Authors ...................................................................................................................xv
Acronyms and Abbreviations ..........................................................................xvii
1. Introduction .....................................................................................................1
1.1 Disasters .................................................................................................1
1.2 Definition of Critical Infrastructure ...................................................4
1.2.1 Critical Infrastructure Sectors ...............................................6
1.3 Critical Infrastructure Protection .......................................................8
1.3.1 Geographic Nature of Crisis and Emergency Response ....8
1.3.2 Basic Concepts in Emergency Response ..............................9
1.3.3 Risk Assessment Methodology ............................................11
1.3.4 Fundamentals of Emergency Management .......................13
1.3.5 Geospatial Technologies and Emergency Response
and Management ...................................................................22
1.4 Infrastructure Interdependencies Model ........................................25
1.4.1 Introduction to Interdependencies ......................................25
1.4.2 Critical Infrastructure Cascading Failures ........................28
1.5 Understanding Roles, Responsibilities, and Community
Engagement .........................................................................................31
References .......................................................................................................32
2. Basics of Geographic Information Systems ............................................35
2.1 The Purpose of Maps ..........................................................................35
2.2 Overview of Technology ....................................................................37

2.3 Parallel Origins in Automated Cartography and Planning .........40
2.4 Evolution as a Data- Driven Fundamental Information
Technology ...........................................................................................42
2.4.1 Introduction ............................................................................42
2.4.2 Database Structures ...............................................................43
2.5 Systems Design Process .....................................................................50
2.6 Going Mobile .......................................................................................55
References .......................................................................................................59
3. Government’s Application of GIS to CIP ................................................61
3.1 ROADIC in Japan ................................................................................61
3.1.1 Economic Considerations and Benefits ..............................62
3.1.2 Technology Platform .............................................................62
3.1.3 Interorganizational Relationships .......................................63
vii
viii Contents
3.1.4 Standards ................................................................................63
3.1.5 Critical Infrastructure Protection ........................................64
3.1.6 Return on Investment versus Public Safety .......................64
3.1.7 Coordinated Activities ..........................................................65
3.1.8 Risk Management and Liability ..........................................65
3.1.9 Enhanced Effectiveness ........................................................65
3.1.10 Improved Communications, Coordination, and
Effectiveness ...........................................................................65
3.2 Role of Portals for Disaster Management ........................................66
3.3 NOAA’s Digital Coast and Other Portals ........................................69
3.3.1 Ocean and Coastal Mapping Integration Act ....................69
3.3.2 NOAA’s Digital Coast ............................................................70
3.3.3 BASINS Climate Assessment Tool by the
Environmental Protection Agency ......................................70
3.3.4 CanVis Tool by NOAA ..........................................................71
3.3.5 Coastal County Snapshots Tool by NOAA ........................71
3.3.6 Coastal Resilience Tool by the Natural Conservancy.......71
3.3.7 Coastal Vulnerability Maps and Study by EPA .................71
3.3.8 Habitat Priority Planner Tool by NOAA ............................71
3.3.9 Integrated Climate and Land Use Scenarios GIS Tool
by EPA .....................................................................................71
3.3.10 Land Cover Atlas by NOAA ................................................72
3.3.11 National Atlas by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ..............72
3.3.12 Open- Source Nonpoint Source Pollution and Erosion
Comparison Tool by NOAA .................................................72
3.3.13 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Impact Viewer
by NOAA .................................................................................72
3.3.14 Spatial Trends in Coastal Socioeconomics Quick
Report Tool by NOAA ...........................................................73
3.3.15 State of the Coast Website by NOAA ..................................73
3.3.16 The Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model View Tool

by USFWS ................................................................................73
3.3.17 U.S. Interagency Elevation Inventory by NOAA ...............73
3.3.18 Digital Coast Partnership .....................................................73
3.4 Data Sharing and the Evolution of the Geospatial Platform ........74
References .......................................................................................................78
4. Industry’s Application of GIS to CIP .......................................................81
4.1 Private Ownership of Critical Infrastructure .................................81
4.2 Genesis of AM/ FM for Infrastructure Design and Protection ....83
4.3 Adaptation of ROADIC to U.S. Circumstances by GITA ...............88
4.4 The GECCo Program ..........................................................................91
4.4.1 Protecting Critical Infrastructure ........................................91
4.4.2 GECCo Overview ...................................................................93
Contents ix
4.4.3 Summary of GECCo Findings and Recommendations....94
4.4.3.1 Interdependencies in a Major Disaster ...............95
4.4.3.2 Geospatial and Information Technology
and Telecommunications ......................................97
4.4.3.3 Coordination and Cooperation ............................99
4.4.3.4 Data Sharing .........................................................101
4.4.3.5 Risk Assessment and Mitigation........................102
4.4.3.6 Response ................................................................102
4.4.3.7 Recovery ................................................................104
4.4.3.8 Emergency Management Responsibilities .......105
4.4.3.9 Business Continuity and Logistics ....................107
4.4.3.10 International GECCo ............................................108
4.5 Howard Street Tunnel Disaster .......................................................109
References .....................................................................................................111
5. Local Government Application of GIS to CIP ......................................113
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................113
5.2 First Responder Computer- Assisted Dispatch Systems ..............113
5.3 Improving the Standard of Cover for Emergency Services ........118
5.4 Field Data Access for First Responders ..........................................124
5.5 Inventories of Critical Infrastructure .............................................126
5.6 Regional Planning and Coordination ............................................129
5.7 Leveraging GIS for Compliance ......................................................135
References .....................................................................................................139
6. Case Study: The 2012 Republican National Convention
in Tampa, Florida ........................................................................................141
6.1 Background ........................................................................................141
6.2 GIS in the City of Tampa ..................................................................142
6.3 The 2012 Republican National Convention ...................................147
6.4 Application of GIS to Event Planning ............................................150
6.5 Event Activities ..................................................................................152
6.6 After Action Report and Lessons Learned ...................................152
References .....................................................................................................157
7. Case Study: The GECCo Project in Minneapolis and St. Paul .........159
7.1 Background ........................................................................................159
7.2 Application of GIS to Exercise Planning .......................................161
7.3 Event Activities ..................................................................................162
7.3.1 Tabletop Exercise Overview ...............................................164
7.4 After Action Report and Lessons Learned ...................................165
7.4.1 Capability 1: Planning .........................................................165
7.4.2 Capability 2: Communications ..........................................168
x Contents
7.4.3 Capability 3: Intelligence and Information Sharing
and Dissemination ...............................................................171
7.4.4 Conclusion ............................................................................174
References .....................................................................................................175
8. Emergency Response and Management: Lessons Learned on the
Gulf Coast ....................................................................................................177
8.1 Introduction .......................................................................................177
8.2 Establishing GIS for Crisis/ Emergency Response and
Management ......................................................................................178
8.3 U.S. National Grid and Symbology ................................................184
8.4 Hurricane Isaac..................................................................................187
8.5 Floods Know No Bounds .................................................................190
8.6 Infrastructure Interdependencies: Spatial Relationships
Matter ..................................................................................................192
8.7 Know Your Audience .......................................................................194
References .....................................................................................................196
9. Use of GIS for Hazard Mitigation Planning in Mississippi .............197
9.1 Introduction .......................................................................................197
9.2 Overview of Hazard Identification ................................................199
9.3 Providing Context: Vulnerability Assessment .............................209
9.4 Establishing Capability Targets and Implementing the Plan .....218
References .....................................................................................................221
10. Conclusion....................................................................................................223
10.1 Cyber Security ...................................................................................223
10.2 Natural and Man- Made Disasters ..................................................226
10.3 Conclusion ..........................................................................................228
References .....................................................................................................230
Index .....................................................................................................................233