GIS Assessment of the Status of Protected Areas in East Asia

2005·4 MB·English

by  MacKinnon, J., Xie Yan.,  Lysenko, I., Chape, S., May, I., Brown, C., UNEP-WCMC, IUCN

CIS Assessment of the
Status of Protected Areas in East Asia
Compiled and edited by
J. MacKinnon, Xie Yan, 1. Lysenko, S. Chape, I. May and C. Brown
March 2005
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IUCN
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UNEP WCMC
TheWorldConservationUnion
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 20/10 with funding from
UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge
http://www.archive.org/details/gisassessmentofs05mack
GIS Assessment of the
Status of Protected Areas in East Asia
Compiled and edited by
J. MacKinnon, Xie Yan, I. Lysenko, S. Chape, I. May and C. Brown
March 2005
UNEP-WCMC
IUCN - The World Conservation Union
The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not
imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, UNEP-WCMC, and IUCN
concerning the legal status ofany country, territory, or area, or ofits authorities, or concerning the
delimitation ofits frontiers orboundaries.
UNEP-WCMC
or its collaborators have obtained base data from documented sources believed to be
reliable and made all reasonable efforts to ensure the accuracy ofthe data. UNEP-WCMC does not
warrant the accuracy or reliability of the base data and excludes all conditions, warranties,
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dealings or otherwise (including the fitness of the data for its intended use) to the fullest extent
permitted by law.
Theviews expressed inthis publication donotnecessarily reflectthose ofUNEP, UNEP-WCMC, and
IUCN.
Producedby: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre and IUCN, Gland,
SwitzerlandandCambridge, UK
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UNEP WCMC TheWorldConservationUnion
Copyright: ©2005 UNEPWorldConservation MonitoringCentre
Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial
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Reproduction ofthis publication for resale or other commercial purposes is
prohibitedwithoutpriorwrittenpermission ofthe copyrightholders.
Citation: J. MacKinnon, Xie Yan, I. Lysenko, S. Chape, I. May andC. Brown (2005).
UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge UK, and IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and
Cambridge, UK.
Cover image: Adapted fromasatellite imagecourtesy ofNASA
Acknowledgements
This review ofthe status ofthe protected areas ofEast Asia has been greatly assisted by the
input of a number of individuals, including: Jargal Jamsramjav and Pragati Tuladhar,
Chevenning scholars at UNEP-WCMC, and Dr Mark Spalding.
BirdLife International kindly provided EBA and IBA data. Particular thanks are due to Dr
Michael Abrams and Dr Gary Geller of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of NASA, who
provided the satellite imagery used in this report.
David Sheppard, Pedro Rosabal and Carolin Karnath ofthe IUCN Programme in Protected
Areas provided support forthe project.
Lastly, the project would not have been possible without financial support from the
Government ofJapan.

1
Contents
Acknowledgements
i
Acronyms and Abbreviations vii
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Objectives 1
1.2 Scope and Method 2
1.3 Limitations 2
1.4 Methodology 2
1.5 Datasets and Elements ofAnalysis 3
2. Overview ofEastAsian Region 7
2.1 Geographic Extent ofthe Region 7
2.2 Landform andGeography 7
2.3 Population and Economic indicators 7
2.4 Major Ecosystems 7
2.5 Biological Richness 9
2.6 Features ofSpecial Interest 9
2.7Zoogeographic Divisions 10
2.8Summary ofPA Development 1
2.9 International Sites 10
3. Review ofCountries and Territories 13
3.1 People's Republic ofChina 13
3.2 Hong Kong 22
3.3 Macau 26
3.4 Taiwan 26
3.5 Mongolia 29
3.6 Democratic People's Republic ofKorea 33
3.7 Republic ofKorea 35
3.8 Japan 38
4. GIS Analysis 43
4. National, Territorial and Administrative Boundaries 43
4.2 Altitude 43
4.3 Habitat Type 44
4.4 Ecoregions 46
4.5 Centres ofEndemism 55
4.6 Threatened Species 58
5. Conclusion and Recommendations 67
5.1 General Recommendations 68
5.2 Country and Territory-Specific Recommendations 69
5.3 Site-specifc Recommendations 72
5.4 Species-related Recommendations 72
5.5 TransfrontierConsiderations 74
7. References and Bibliography 76
in
1
Tables
Table 1 : Major Habitats and Sub-habitats ofthe East Asian Region 8
Table 2 Biodiversity Richness in East Asian Countries and Territories 9
:
Table 3: East Asian International Protected Sites 10
WWF
Table 4: Ecoregions in China 13
Table 5: Key National Policies, Documents and Regulations in China 15
Table 6: Types ofNature Reserves in China 16
Table 7: Numbers, Categories and Size ofChina's PAs 21
Table 8: Numbers, Categories and Size ofHong Kong's PAs 23
WWF
Table 9: Ecoregions in Taiwan 26
Table 10: Numbers, Categories and Size ofTaiwan's PAs 27
WWF
Table 1 1 : Ecoregions in Mongolia 30
TTaabbllee 1123:: NWuWmbFerEsc,orCeagtieognosriiensDaPndRSKiozereoafMongolia's PAs 3330
Table 14: Numbers, Categories and Size ofDPR Korea PAs 33
WWF
Table 15: Ecoregions in Republic ofKorea 35
Table 16: Numbers, Categories and Size ofRepublic ofKorea PAs 37
WWF
Table 1 7: Ecoregions in Japan 39
Table 1 8: Numbers, Categories and Size ofJapan's PAs 40
Table 19: ProtectedArea Extent in East Asia 43
Table 20: Degree ofPA Extent at DifferentAltitudes in East Asia 44
TTaabbllee 2221:: DSiezgereaendofExPtAenEtxotfenPtAfoCroMvaejroorfHWabWitFatsEcionrEeagsitonAssiwaithin East Asia 4456
Table 23 WWF Ecoregions in East Asiawith less than 5% PA Cover 49
: WWF
Table 24: China Biodiversity Divisions compared with Ecoregions 51
Table 25: Protected Area Coverage ofEndemic Bird Areas 56
Table 26: ProtectedArea Coverage ofEndemic Mammal Areas 57
Table 27: PA Coverage and Range ofThreatened and Endangered Bird Species 58
Table 28: Threatenedand Endangered Bird Species without Adequate Protection 61
Table 29: PA Coverage and Range ofChinese Endemic Mammals 62
Table 30: Relationship ofIBAs to PAs in East Asia 66
Table 3 1 : Recommended Categories forChina's Protected Area System 70
Figures
Figure 1 : Satellite image ofthe East Asian Region 5
Figure 2: Growth in ProtectedArea Numberand Extent in East Asia 1900-2005 1
Figure 3 Protected Area System in China 17
:
Figure 4: Satellite Images of 12 Protected Areas in China 19
Figure 5: Sectoral Responsibility for Protected Areas in China 21
Figure 6: Satellite image ofHong Kong and its Protected Areas 25
Figure 7: Satellite image ofTawushan Nature Preserve, Taiwan 29
Figure 8: Satellite image ofUvs Nuur Basin Strict Protected Area, Mongolia 32
Figure 9: Satellite image ofTadohae-Haesang Sea Marine NP, Republic ofKorea 37
Figure 10: Satellite images ofThree National Parks, Japan 42
Figure 1 1 : Protected Area Coverin EastAsiaat Various Altitude Ranges 44
Figure 12: Protection ofMajor Habitats in East Asia 45
Figure 1 3: Distribution ofCoastal and Marine ProtectedAreas in China 46
WWF
Figure 14: Ecoregions Distribution by Extent ofProtection 49
Figure 15: China Biogeographic Units 51
Figure 16: China Biogeographic Units without Protected Areas 54
IV
Figure 17: ImportantAreas forVertebrate Diversity andPAs in China 55
Figure 18: EBA Distribution by Extent ofProtection in East Asia 56
Figure 19: EMA Distribution by Extent ofProtection in EastAsia 58
Figure 20: Bird Species Distribution by Extent ofProtection 61
Figure 2 1 : Endemic Mammals ofChina Distribution by ExtentofProtection 64
Figure 22: Distribution ofSpecies not coveredby Protected Areas in China 65
Maps
Map Major Ecosystems and Protected Areas Network in China 18
Map Protected Areas Network in Hong Kong 24
Map Major Ecosystems and Protected Areas Network in Taiwan 28
Map Major Ecosystems and Protected AreasNetwork in Mongolia 31
Map MajorEcosystems and Protected Areas Network in DPR Korea 34
Map MajorEcosystems and Protected Areas Network in Republic ofKorea 36
Map 7 Major Ecosystems and ProtectedAreas Network in Japan 41
:
Annex 85
Map I: Reliefand Protected Areas Network in East Asia 87
Map II Major Ecosystems and ProtectedAreas Network in EastAsia 89
Map III:: Percentage ofWWF Ecoregions in East Asia Protected Areas 91
Map IV: Endemic BirdAreas and Protected Areas Network in East Asia 93
Map V: Endemic Mammal Areas and Protected Areas Network in East Asia 95
Map VI: Potential Areas for Protected AreaCooperation in East Asia 97
Abbreviations and Acronyms
BCAP Biodiversity ConservationAction Plan
CAS ChineseAcademy ofSciences
CBD Conventionon Biological Diversity
CCICED ChinaCouncil forInternational Cooperation in Environment andDevelopment
CI Conservation International
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
CSIS China Species Information System
CoP ConferenceofParties
DMZ DemilitarizedZone
DPR Democratic People'sRepublic
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EBA Endemic Bird Area
EMA Endemic Mammal Area
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEF Global EnvironmentFacility
GIS Geographic Information System
GLC Global LandCover
IAS Invasive Alien Species
IBA Important BirdArea
IM Indo-Malayan (in ecoregion codes)
IRBM Integrated RiverBasinManagement
IUCN WorldConservationUnion
JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory
km kilometre
MAB ManandBiosphereProgramme
MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
MPA Marine ProtectedArea
NASA NationalAeronauticsand Space Administration
NGO Non-GovernmentOrganisation
NP National Park
NR Nature Reserve
PA ProtectedArea/Palearctic (in ecoregional codes)
SAR Special Administrative Region
SEPA State Environment Protection Agency
SFA State Forestry Administration
SOA StateOceanic Administration
SSC Species Survival Commission ofIUCN
UNDP UnitedNations Development Programme
UNEP UnitedNations EnvironmentProgramme
UNESCO UnitedNations Educational Scientific andCultural Organisation
WCMC
WorldConservationMonitoringCentre
WCPA WorldCommissiononProtectedAreas ofIUCN
WDPA WorldDatabase onProtectedAreas
WHC
WorldHeritageConvention
WWF
Worldwide FundforNature/WordWildlife Fund