Getting Respect: Responding to Stigma and Discrimination in the United States, Brazil, and Israel PDF
Preview Getting Respect: Responding to Stigma and Discrimination in the United States, Brazil, and Israel
GettinG Respect G e t t i n G R e s p e c t Responding to Stigma and Discrimination in the United States, Brazil, and Israel Michèle Lamont, Graziella Moraes Silva, Jessica S. Welburn, Joshua Guetzkow, Nissim Mizrachi, Hanna Herzog, and Elisa Reis Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford Copyright © 2016 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR press.princeton.edu Jacket art: Bharti Kher, A Love letter, 2009. Bindis on painted board. 188 × 249 × 7 cm. / 74 × 98 × 2 ¾ in. Courtesy of the artist and Hauser & Wirth. © Bharti Kher All Rights Reserved ISBN 978- 0- 691- 16707- 7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016935762 British Library Cataloging- in- Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Sabon Next LT Pro & Univers LT Std Printed on acid- free paper ∞ Printed in the United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 contents List oF tABLes xi pReFAce AnD AcKnoWLeDGMents xiii intRoDUction 1 OUR AppROAcH, cHALLENGES, AND QUEStIONS 3 Incidents: Assault on Worth and Discrimination 5 Responses to Incidents: Actual and Ideal 9 Class, Gender, and Age Cohorts 11 HOW WE DID OUR StUDy 12 Our Cases 12 Our Participants and Methods 15 cHApteR 1: AccoUntinG FoR DiFFeRences 19 HOW tO ExpLAIN 19 tHREE DIMENSIONS Of NAtIONAL cONtExt 19 cONNEctING fINDINGS AND ExpLANAtION 27 ADDItIONAL cONtRIBUtIONS 31 cHApteR 2: tHe UniteD stAtes 34 section 2.1: BAcKGRoUnD FActoRs: HistoRicAL AnD socioeconoMic context 35 A HIStORIcAL LEGAcy Of RAcIAL DOMINAtION 35 vi | contents pERSIStENt StRUctURAL INEQUALIty AND RAcIAL SEGREGAtION 36 tHE RESEARcH SItE: tHE NEW yORk MEtROpOLItAN AREA 41 section 2.2: etHnoRAciAL GRoUpness 43 SELf- IDENtIfIcAtION 44 Black and/or African American Self- Labeling 45 Racial and National Identity 46 Meanings of Racial Identity 47 GROUp BOUNDARIES 50 Experiences of Spatial Segregation and Integration 50 Boundaries and Friendship 51 Universalism, Essentialism, and the Constructions of Racial Similarities and Differences 54 Anti- white Moral Boundaries and White Privilege 56 cONcLUSION 58 section 2.3: expeRiences oF stiGMAtiZAtion AnD DiscRiMinAtion in tHe UniteD stAtes 59 StIGMAtIzAtION OR ASSAULt ON WORtH 62 Blatant Racism: Being Insulted or Disrespected and Physical Assault 63 More Subtle Racism: Being Misunderstood 65 Poor Service and Double Standards 67 DIScRIMINAtION 68 cLASS, AGE, AND GENDER DIffERENcES 70 Experiencing Racial or Class Stigma? The Role of Class Boundaries 70 Surprisingly Few Differences across Classes 75 Gender Differences and Gender Discrimination 77 Age Cohorts 79 cONcLUSION 81 section 2.4: Responses to stiGMAtiZAtion AnD DiscRiMinAtion 82 ActUAL RESpONSES tO INcIDENtS 86 Confronting 86 Management of the Self and Not Responding 92 IDEAL AND OtHER ActUAL RESpONSES 96 Competence/Hard Work, Self- Improvement, Education, Religion, and Moral Reform: The Neoliberal Responses 96 contents | vii Decline of Collective Mobilization 106 Race- Targeted Policies 108 Hope Ahead? Explanations for Racism and Lessons for Children 110 Making Sense of Ideal Responses in Relation to the American Dream 113 cONcLUSION 115 section 2.5: A BiRD’s-e Ye VieW oF tHe AFRicAn AMeRicAn cAse 117 cHApteR 3: BRAZiL 122 section 3.1: BAcKGRoUnD FActoRs: HistoRicAL AnD socioeconoMic context 123 StUDyING RAcE IN BRAzIL 123 tHE LEGAcy Of SLAvERy AND tHE RISE AND fALL Of RAcIAL DEMOcRAcy 125 tOGEtHER AND UNEQUAL? RAcIAL INEQUALIty AND SEGREGAtION 129 tHE RESEARcH SItE: RIO DE JANEIRO 132 section 3.2: etHnoRAciAL GRoUpness 134 SELf- IDENtIfIcAtION 135 Self- Labeling: Negro, Moreno, Preto, and Pardo 136 Meanings of Racial Identity 139 GROUp BOUNDARIES 142 Experiences of Spatial Segregation and Integration 143 Boundaries and Friendship 144 Universalism, Essentialism, and the Absence of Cultural Differences 146 Weak Anti- white Moral Boundaries 147 cONcLUSION 149 section 3.3: expeRiences oF stiGMAtiZAtion AnD DiscRiMinAtion in BRAZiL 150 fROM RAcIAL DEMOcRAcy tO SUBtLE RAcISM 151 IS It cLASS OR RAcE StIGMA? 155 viii | contents StIGMAtIzAtION 158 Stereotyped as Low Status and Receiving Poor Service 158 When Race Becomes Salient: Racial Insults and Jokes 161 Other Types of Assault on Worth 163 DIScRIMINAtION 164 cONcLUSION 167 section 3.4: Responses to stiGMAtiZAtion AnD DiscRiMinAtion 169 ActUAL RESpONSES tO INcIDENtS 170 Confronting 170 Management of the Self 174 Not Responding 177 IDEAL RESpONSES 179 Universal Policies versus Affirmative Action 179 Collective Mobilization: Ambivalence toward the Black Movement 182 cONcLUSION 185 section 3.5: tHe BRoAD pictURe FoR BLAcK BRAZiLiAns 187 cHApteR 4: isRAeL 192 section 4.1: BAcKGRoUnD: HistoRicAL AnD socioeconoMic context 193 zIONISM AS cONStItUtIvE LEGAcy 193 ARAB pALEStINIANS AND tHE JEWISH pOLIty 194 EtHIOpIANS AND MIzRAHIM: IN tHE pINcERS Of EtHNO- NAtIONAL IDENtIty, ExcLUSION, AND INcLUSION 200 tHE RESEARcH SItE: tEL AvIv– JAffA 206 section 4.2: nAtionAL BeLonGinG, RAce, AnD etHnicitY in tHe FoRMAtion oF GRoUpness 207 SELf- IDENtIfIcAtION, SELf- LABELING, AND tHE MEANINGS Of GROUp IDENtIty 210 Arab Palestinians 210 Ethiopians and Mizrahim 215 contents | ix GROUp BOUNDARIES 219 Arab Palestinians 219 Ethiopians and Mizrahim 224 cONcLUSION 229 section 4.3: expeRiences oF stiGMAtiZAtion AnD DiscRiMinAtion in isRAeL 230 StIGMAtIzAtION OR ASSAULtS ON WORtH 232 Arab Palestinians 232 Ethiopians and Mizrahim 235 DIScRIMINAtION 236 Arab Palestinians 237 Ethiopians and Mizrahim 239 cONcLUSION 242 section 4.4: Responses to stiGMAtiZAtion AnD DiscRiMinAtion in isRAeL 243 ActUAL RESpONSES tO INcIDENtS 245 Arab Palestinians 245 Ethiopians and Mizrahim 249 IDEAL RESpONSES 250 Improving Their Group Situation 250 Arab Palestinians 250 Ethiopians and Mizrahim 253 Lessons for Children 258 Arab Palestinians 258 Ethiopians and Mizrahim 261 Is Affirmative Action an Option? 262 Arab Palestinians 263 Ethiopians and Mizrahim 264 cONcLUSION 265 section 4.5: MAKinG sense oF tHe isRAeLi cAse 266 concLUsion 273 zOOMING OUt 273 ANALytIc GAINS AND fOOD fOR tHOUGHt 275 Comparing Ethnoracial Exclusions as Cultural Phenomena: Macro Lenses and Micro Experiences 275
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