Getting on in English. Upper-Intermediate. Спілкуємось англійською мовою. Вищий рівень

173 Pages·5.468 MB·English-Ukrainian

by  Байбакова І.М., Гасько О.Л., Федоришин М.С. (ред.)

Upper-Intermediate
Technical Translation
Mathematics
Electronics Radioengineering Telecommunications
Computing Automation Metrology
Chemistry
Civil Engineering Water Supply
УДК 811.111 (075.8)
ББК-81.2 Англія 73
Затверджено Міністерством освіти та науки України як підручник для студентів
вищих навчальних закладів (Лист № 14.4/18—Г—1463.1 від 5.09.2007р.)
Рецензенти:
Кияк Тарас Романович, доктор філологічних наук, професор, завідувач
кафедри теорії та практики перекладу з німецької
мови Київського національного університету
імені Тараса Шевченка;
Помірно Роман Семенович, доктор філологічних наук, професор, завідувач
кафедри французької філології Львівського
Національного університету імені Івана Франка;
Бик Ігор Степанович, кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, завідувач
кафедри іноземних мов факультету міжнародних
відносин Львівського Національного університету
імені Івана Франка.
Getting on in English. Upper-Intermediate. Спілкуємось англійською мовою. Вищий рівень
За редакцією: доц. Байбакової І. М., доц. Гасько О. Л., доц. Федоришина М.С.
ISBN 978-966-2004-12-0
Автори - укладачі: Байбакова І. М., канд. філол. наук, доц.; Гасько О. Л., канд. філол.
наук, доц.; Пасічник Г. П., доц.; Федоришин М. G, доц.; Балацька Л. П., ст. викл.;
Василик С.В., ст. викл.; ВодарськаН. М., ст. викл.; ГоловкоН. П. ст. викл.; Кравець С. Ф.,
ст. викл.; Морська Н.О., ст. викл.; Олексів Г.Д., ст. викл.; Підлісецька Л. Б., ст. викл.;
Ярема О. В., ст. викл.; Бойко Л. Б., викл.; Вдовін В.В., викл.; Вислободська І. М., викл.;
Голощук С.Л., викл.; Гошовська Л. В., викл.; Джура М.З., викл.; ЗакауловаЮ.В., викл.;
Ільницька Л. В., викл.; Корицька Г. І., викл.; Магдач 3. Т., викл.; Мазур О. П., викл.;
Стельмах Л. Б., викл.; Фучила О. М., викл.; Яремко Г. В., викл.
Підручник призначений для студентів базової вищої освіти відповідних напрямків
і має на меті вдосконалення інтегрованих професійних мовних компетенцій шляхом
аудиторної та самостійної роботи для ефективного функціонування майбутніх фахівців у
професійному середовищі.
ББК-81.2 Англія 73
ISBN 978-966-2004-12-0 © Видавництво «РАСТР-7», 2009
Contents
Unit 1. Technical translation in practice.........................................................<•••••;•.6
Part 1. Translation of words.....................................................................................6
Task 1.1. Pseudo-International Words................................................................6
Task 1.2. Transliteration and Transcription........................................................8
Task 1.3. Polysemantic Words and Technical Terms.......................................10
Task 1.4. Idiomatic Expressions......................................................................11
Task 1.5. Gerund............................................................................................14
Task 1.6. Word-Substitutes..............................................................................16
Task 1.7. Abbreviations and Acronyms...........................................................16
Part 2. Translation of parts of a sentence.........................................................18
Task 1.8. Identification of the Predicate of a Sentence.....................................18
Task 1.9. Nouns in the Function of Attributes.................................................19
Task 1.10. Passive Constructions..............................................................;.......20
Task 1.11. Infinitive Constructions..................................................................21
Task 1.12. Participle Constructions...................................................................22
Task 1.13. Gerundial Complexes......................................................................24
Part 3. Translation of complex sentences..........................................................25
Task 1.14. Subject and Predicative Subordinate Clauses...................................25
Task 1.15. Asyndetic Attributive Subordinate Clauses.....................................25
Text 1. Moments of Truth...........................................................................27
Text 2. Internet.............................................................................................35
Text 3. Time Sharing Versus Batch.............................................................36
Text 4. The Nature and Purpose of Project Management.............................37
Text 5. Architecture...................................................................................40
Text 6. Architect.........................................................................................40
Text 7. The Principles behind Breadmaking...............................................43
Unit 2. Mathematics...............................................................................................44
Text 1. Glimpses into the Early History of Mathematics.............................45
Text 2. Branches of Mathematics.................................................................47
Text 3. Practical Application of Mathematics...............................................49
Text 4. Geometry........................................................................................51
Text 5. Angles in Plane Geometry..............................................................53
Text 6. The Circle........................................................................................53
Text 7. Conic Sections .................................................................................54
4 CONTENTS
Text 8. Theorems of Solid Geometry..................................................................55
Text 9. Mathematical Expressions. Arithmetic..................................................55
Text 10. Definitions and Notations.......................................................................58
Text 11. Radicals...................................................................................................59
Text 12. Quadratic Equations...............................................................................59
Text 13. Ratio and Proportion...............................................................................60
Text 14. Logarithms..............................................................................................60
Text 15. Algebraic Signs.......................................................................................62
Unit 3. ELECTRONICS, RADIOENGINEERING
AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS..........................................................65
Text 1. Telegraph and Telephone.........................................................................65
Text 2. Electronics................................................................................................68
Text 3. Radio and Television...............................................................................69
Text 4. Mobile 3G Telecommunications.............................................................72
Text 5. The Dawn of E-bomb..............................................................................74
Text 6. Cellphone Safety......................................................................................77
Text 7. Lasers.......................................................................................................79
Text 8. The Decline of Bell Labs........................................................................80
Unit 4. COMPUTING, AUTOMATION, METROLOGY..............................82
Text 1. Personal Computers’ Hardware.............................................................84
Text 2. Personal Computers’ Software...............................................................87
Text 3. Notebooks...............................................................................................89
Text 4. The Windows History.............................................................................91
Text 5. Factory Computarization....................................................................... 94
Text 6. Temperature Measuring Devices..........................................................96
Text 7. Fibre Loop Thermometry......................................................................97
Text 8. Advertisements for Measuring Devices.................................................98
Text 9. Firewall Basics......................................................................................101
Text 10. Stand up for Your Rights.......................................................................103
Text 11. Wireless Boom is Hackers’ Heaven.................................................... 105
Text 12. Microsoft Hits a New Programming Note.....................;.....................107
Text 13. Multimedia............................................................................................111
Text 14. What Happened to the Machines that Think.......................................114
Text 15. Uncovering the Hazards in Our Electronic Gadgets ............................119
Text 16. Almost like Human..............................................................................121
Text 17. Viruses and Computer Security...........................................................124
CONTENTS 5
Unit 5. CHEMISTRY............................................................................................126
Text 1. The Nature of Chemistry......................................................................126
Text 2. The History of Chemistry.....................................................................128
Text 3. The Branches of Chemistry.
Relationship of Chemistry to Other Sciences and Industry................131
Text 4. The Scientific Method...........................................................................132
Text 5. How to Study Chemistry.......................................................................134
Text 6. Organic Chemistry. Part 1. Distillation................................................136
Text 7. Organic Chemistry. Part 2. Chromatography.......................................137
Text 8. Organic Chemistry. Part 3. Alcohols- The aliphatic -OH group..........139
Text 9. Organic Chemistry. Part 4. Phenols - The Aromatic OH group...........140
Text 10. An Analysis of Aspirin Tablets............................................................142
Text 11. Beer.....................................................................................................144
Unit 6. CIVIL ENGINEERING AND WATER SUPPLY..............................148
Text 1. The Birth of Reinforced Concrete........................................................149
Text 2. Building Materials................................................................................150
Text 3. British Castles.......................................................................................152
Text 4. Designing with the Help of Computers.................................................155
Text 5. Water Resources...................................................................................156
Text 6. Water Treatment...................................................................................158
Text 7. Industrial Wastes..................................................................................160
Text 8. Traffic Chaos in Ukrainian Cities........................................................161
Text 9. Housing................................................................................................164
Glossary............................................................................................................165
UNIT I. TECHNICAL TRANSLATION
IN PRACTICE
During the years of study for a scientific degree, every student has to make reports
at seminars, submit course projects and work on a graduation paper. All these activities
require profound knowledge of particular subjects what cannot be obtained without
getting acquainted with vast amount of information extracted from different sources,
including those presented in foreign languages. Besides, the ablest students may defend
their graduation papers in a foreign language or publish the results of their research work
in foreign scientific journals. Dealing with authentic foreign technical literature, students
not only should be able to grasp the main idea of each text, but sometimes they will have to
make reviews of these texts or even translate them into their native language, what requires
good knowledge both of the source and target languages, as the process of translation very
often involves grammar transformations.
The purpose of this unit is to highlight some difficulties of translation of technical
texts in order to help students develop skills necessary both for adequate understanding
of English authentic technical texts in the field of their specialty, and for presenting their
own scientific ideas in English. In this book the most difficult cases for translation will be
considered in three groups, namely: (1) translation of words, (2) translation of parts of a
sentence, (3) translation of complex sentences.
Part 1. TRANSLATION OF WORDS
Task 1.1. PSEUDO-INTERNATIONAL WORDS. Technical texts have a great
number of international words. But quite often we may come across pseudo­
international ones which can be divided into two groups: (1) words whose
meaning partly coincides with Ukrainian words resembling them (e.g. record
- peKopd, 3anuc; revolution - peeonwu^in, o6epm\ and (2) words that have
absolutely different meaning (e.g. decade - decxmupiunx; accurate - mounuu).
A. Match English word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents:
1. accurate results; 1. no^aTKOBe npH3HaHeHH5i;
2. under any conditions; 2. npOTHTOM OCTaHHLOrO £ec2TKprTOi;
3. to feed the data; 3. 3OTHcmoBaTH aeidjiLKa oGepriB 3a ceKyH^iy;
4. chemical composition (of a substance); 4. 3a 6yzu>~sKHx o6cTaBHH;
5. to make several revolutions per second; 5. BBOJtHTH iH^OpMaitilO (B KOMIl’tOTep);
TECHNICAL TRANSLATION IN PRACTICE 1
6. the initial purpose; 6. штучний інтелект;
7. during the last decade; 7. точні результати;
8. artificial intelligence; 8. хімічний склад (речовини);
9. the general direction; 9. відповідність між теорією та практикою;
10.the computer cabinet; 10.застосунок (прикладна програма);
11. an application program; 11. вогнетривка гайна;
12.concrete foundation; 12. бетонний фундамент;
13.refectory clay; 13. наприклад;
14.correspondence between theory, 14. забруднення природи;
and practice;
15.the pollution of nature; 15. загальний напрямок;
16.for instance. 16. корпус комп’ютера.
В. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian, paying attention to the
underlined words:
1. So even under near ideal conditions, a computer will mishear two or three words
in every hundred. 2. It dramatically increased the recognition rate. 3. In 1950 Alan Turing
proposes the Turing test to decide whether a computer is exhibiting intelligent behaviour.
4. Using images of human speech organ as a guide, the team constructed a talking head
equipped with artificial vocal cords, tongue, teeth, lips and a nasal cavity. 5. It (dexterity)
requires fast movements and accurate feedback - so that the robot’s “brain” could control
exactly where its fingers are and how hard they grip something. 6. The race to build the
perfect android is going on. 7. Even after decades of research into artificial intelligence,
machines still don’t think like human beings. 8. The data in cache memory will be lost, if
the power is switched off. 9. Groups of bits are combined to present different characters
(numbers, letters, and special symbols). 10. Primary storage is a temporary holding
location for both software and the data to be processed. 11. The sharpness and clarity
of images on the screen are directly related to the screen resolution that is measured by
the number of picture elements (pixels) on a screen that can be lit to form images. 12.
Disc drives (дисководи) record data on the magnetic surface of the disc. 13. Application
software is a set of programmed instructions written for a specific purpose, such as word
processing, computer-aided ^design, etc. 14. The execution of all commands in the file one
after another took the computer several seconds. 15. Cement is made from limestone and
clay. 16. The first results of the tests of the reinforced concrete beams were published in
1877. 17. The hall was normally the largest structure in the castle, and it was notable for its
large windows. 18. Each party (кожна зі сторін) will have the right to refuse from further
fulfillment of its obligations under the contract. 19. Fleming instantly realized that he had
discovered an antibacterial agent. 20. In the mid-1980s, many cities and communities
began massive paper-collection campaign. 21. At factories, computers were subject to dust,
dirt, oil mist, and could be easily damaged. 22. A computer is a device that takes in data.
processes it according to a program, and then outputs the processed data in some form.
mm
8
C. Complete the following sentences with the words selected from the list
below, then translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
actually stress in order transparent originalfinally icons conductors film solid complex
1. This plastic is coated on each side with a thin (iuiiBKa) of copper. 2. The company
is now working on a fnpo3opHti) ultra-thin version of this plastic for windows. 3. There is
a variety of states of faanpvaceHHfl) in which (rsepfli) bodies greatly change their shape.
4. Only when all the results are analyzed and published, we will (gapemri) be able to
draw some definite conclusions about mobile phone safety. 5. Are most of us (v iiahhh
qac/HHHp able to imagine life without mobile phones? 6. Using a mouse, the user clicks on
(niKTorpaMHl which represent the functions to be performed. 7. The fneprni) IBM personal
computers had a maximum of 512K of memory and ran with a processor speed of 4.77
MHz. 8. Make the randomization too (cKJiMSffl) and it could cause conflicts between
programs. 9. All substances can be divided into (npoBinHHKH). semiconductors and
insulators. 10. This German physicist was trying to use methods of thermodynamics (juisl
Toro. mo6) to justify his own formula for black-body radiation.
Task 1.2. TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSCRIPTION. Some English
lexical units (geographical names, names of organizations, etc.) have no
Ukrainian equivalents. So they have to be rendered in Ukrainian with the
help of transliteration (reproduction of graphical form of the word by means
of letters of the Ukrainian alphabet, e.g. laser - Jia3ep; Edinburg - EdunSypz),
transcription (reproduction of the wrord’s pronunciation, e.g. Microsoft -
MauKpoco(pm; the Guardian - Fapdiaii), or description.
A. Match English words and expressions with their Ukrainian equivalents:
1. winchester 1. onepaTop
2. data buffer 2. caMiT
3. PR 3. aMnep
4. General Motors 4. BiHHecTep
5. transistor 5. napaMeTp
6. macroassembler 6. 6y$ep .qaHHx
7. interface 7. TepMmaji
8. parameter 8. TpaH3HCT0p
9. operator 9. BOJIBTMeTp
10. microchip 10. map
11. voltmeter 11. MkpoHin (MiKpocxeMa)
12.ion 12.iirrep4)eHC
13. summit 13. fl^ceHepaji MoTopc
14. ampere 14. MaKpoaceM6xiep
15, terminal 15.ioH
TECHNICAL TRANSLATION IN PRACTICE 9
B. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian, paying attention to the
underlined words:
1. Microsoft Office is made up of hundreds of files. 2. IBM’s network stations
can also run Windows application. 3. Laser printers are fast and quiet in operation. 4. A
cursor on the monitor is controlled by moving a joystick in any direction. 5. The processor
operates on information that is in internal storage. 6. A modem converts the digital signals
of the sending computer to analogue signals that can be transmitted through the telephone
line. 7. Dolby is an electronic device that eliminates noise from recorder sound and audio
signals. 8. MITAC’s 3020F Notebook has built-in, multi-layered security. 9. The unit of
memory is a byte, which can hold one character of a text. 10. UNIX was a logical and
efficient choice of operating system for the servers. 11. BASIC was developed at Dartmouth
College in the early 1960s for use by non-professional computer users. 12. In cooperative
multitasking, exemplified by the Macintosh operating system, background tasks are given
processing time during idle times in the foreground task. 13. Possessing optical character
recognition software, scanners read text on paper and translate the scanned information
into text files. 14. A typical modem ink-jet printer has a dual cartridge (black and white
and colour printing cartridges), and is capable of printing on plain paper as well as on
transparency and special photo paper which greatly improves the image quality. 15. A black
hat hacker subverts computer security without authorization or uses technology (usually
a computer or the Internet) for terrorism, vandalism (malicious destruction), credit card
fraud, identity theft, intellectual property theft, or many other types of crime. 16. Because
CD-ROMs are now showing up in consumer products from Nintendo. Commodore. Kodak
and others, the 12 cm optical medium will soon be commonplace. 17. The applications
of electron diffraction are analogous to the use of X-rays for studying the structure of
matter. 18. The tuner receives radio broadcasts, usually from both AM and FM stations.
19. Several specialized channels - such as the all-news CNN and the rock-music video
channel MTV - transmit their programs via satellite. 20. Greenpeace currently addresses
many environmental issues with a primary focus on efforts to stop global warming and the
preservation of the world’s oceans and ancient forests while other initiatives include the
development of a fuel-efficient car. 21. The jeep, a multipurpose, all-terrain vehicle, was
first used by the U.S. army in 1941.22. This company has based its solution on the “stealth”
technology that is used to hide military radars.
C. Fill in the gaps with the proper words from the list below:
multimedia sensors disc menu dosimeters providers boilers robot proton web-sites
1. By using so-called superheaters, modem_________can achieve almost 90 per
cent fuel efficiency. 2, In the world of computer,_________is a subset of hypermedia,
which combines the elements of multimedia with hypertext which links the information.
3. A_________ is a list of programmes presented on screen as alternatives for the user.
4. Their_________ require asubscription to access singular content. 5._________ function
by using a long-term effects of radiati on upon somephenomenon that can be reliably measured.
10 UNJT1
6. Recording heads are capable of transferring information from a _________ to the
memory of the computer. 7. Although__________is not an elementary particle (it contains
three quarks), its mass is of special importance. 8. Commercial users can communicate over
the Internet with the rest of the world very cheaply as they only have to pay for phone calls
to their local service •_____ , not for calls across the countries or around the world. 9.
Monitors of the fifth generation computers where the information input is done by voice
and communication is being carried out in ordinary language are supplied with special
_________ . 10. Every motion made by the worker will be recorded by the__________and
will be converted automatically to a programme that the robot will then follow.
Task 13. POLYSEMANTIC WORDS AND TECHNICAL TERMS. The
English language has an enormous amount of polysemantic words and technical
terms whose meaning depends on the context, as one and the same word may
have different Ukrainian equivalents in different branches of science.
A. Match the words in column A with their equivalents in column B. There are
two equivalents in B for one polysemantic word in A.
1. lead 1. JlkHJILHHK 16. KJIIOH
2. gas 2. iuiomHHa 17. i30JIHT0p
3. plane 3. TpaHcnopTHHH 3aci6 18. CHJia, Mint
4. square 4. CTOJIHII# 19. p03HHHHHK
5. vehicle 5. CBHHeilib 20. KepiBHHUjBO, iHiu;iaTHBa
6. meter 6. KBa^paT BejIHHHHH 21. 6eH3HH
7. pressure 7. pe3epByap 22. KJianaH
8. unit 8. piBeHt, cTafliii 23. iuionja
9. bar 9. ftieJieKTpHK 24. ceicijui, ejieMeHT
10. valve lO.Hanpyra 25. npiuiaBOK
11. capital ll.ra3 26. THCK
12.key 12.4)OHTaH 27. MeTp
13.power 13. OflHHHIpI (BHMipy) 28. Kantian
14. insulator 14.mMaTOK} 6pycoK 29. ejieicrpoHHa jiaMna
15. fountain 15.noTy5KHicTi> 30. KJiaBima
B. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian, paying attention to the
underlined words:
1. Now the team is working on a solution to the problem of adaptability. 2. The most
common type of solution is one of a solid in liquid. 3. A system unit contains an electronic
board which is called the motherboard. 4. Floor boards are laid in several different ways.
5. All tables are composed of a flat surface and a base with one or more supports, or legs.
6. Modem software applications give users the ability to generate, format, and edit tables
and tabular data for a wide variety of users. 7. The page was covered with a series of