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ARCHAEOLOGY and HISTORY
ALONG ALASKAN
NATURAL GAS ROUTES
VOLUME TWO
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A Study of Archaeological and Histori~·i ·
Potential Along the Trans-Alaskan
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Natural Gas Pipeline Routes
Related To An Application Filed
In Docket Number CP 75-96, et al.
March 21,1974
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M. Volume Two
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by
Dr. Robert Lee Humphrey, Jr. Bernard W. Poirier
Dr. Cecil R. Brooks George H. Walker
Camilla D. Luckey Mary Elizabeth Chambers
and
ARLIS
JuanitaM.Tucker
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©Iroquois Research Institute 1975 3150 (~~ ' ....~ ·l., 1()0
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75-8279 A1'Jf:1-±0RA,GE~ l~.LA.s~:J";.. 9S~5:C>3
SUITE 215 6201 LEESBURG PIKE FALLS CHURCH, VIRGINIA 22044
TEL: 703 - 534-8200
17 November 1975
Federal Power Commission
Office of Energy Systems
825 North Capitol Street, N.E.
Washington, D. C. 20426
Gentlemen:
We are pleased to submit herewith the report requested in your
contract number FP-1780. This document is; in effect, Volume Two related
to archaeological and historical potential on or along natural gas pipeline
routes in Alaska proposed by Alaskan Arctic Gas Pipeline Company. Volume
One, dated 14 March 1975, evaluated the same potential for routes proposed
by the El Paso Alaska Company.
This report has also been assigned Catalog Number 75-8279 by the
Library of Congress.
The "Afterword" in Volume Two contains data and conclusions attributable
to the projects of both applicants~ El Paso and Arctic Gas. In addition, the
section on "Mitigating Procedures•• contains a set of Iroquois Archaeological
and Historic Field Procedures. All scientists engaged on this project and
interviewed on this subject in Alaska and elsewhere encouraged their disclosure.
We give to the Federal Power Commission and to the Department of the Interior
a royalty-free license to reproduce this document in whole or in part and to
allow third parties the right to reproduce freely the whole or portions of this
document, including our field procedures cited above.
We compliment the Government for having commission.ed this extensive, two
volume survey of cultural resources affected by the proposed project. We are
indeed grateful and proud of the confidence extended to us for both volumes of
work, the first of its kind in the United States.
With kindest regards, we remain
TITUTE
r
Director
AN oe•eA>,NG ONn OC
'I THE ARCTIC COMPANY, LTD. THIS JS RECYCLED PAPER
A STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC
POTENTIAL ALONG THE TRANS-ALASKAN
NATURAL GAS PIPELINE ROUTES
This report was sponsored by the Department of
the Interior and the Federal Power Commission
under FPC contract: FP - 1780 of 10 October
1975.
The contents of this report reflect.only the
views of the contractor, IROQUOIS RESEARCH
INSTITUTE, who is responsible for the facts,
accuracy, analysis, evaluations and the
recommendations presented herein and do not
reflect the official views or policy of the
Department of the Interior nor of the Federal
Power Commission.
/ Volume Two
17 November 1975
CONTBNTB
Iroquois letter of transmittal •••••••••••••••••••••••• 3
Statement of responsibility for contents ••••••••••••••••• 4
INTRODUCTION 9
Prologue 11
Paleoenvironment 19
Archaeology 25
Historical Overview 33
Significance to Native Groups 53
TECHNICAL SECTION 65
Segment Twenty-nine 67
Segment Twenty-nine (A) 79
Segment Thirty 85
Segment Thirty-one 93
Segment Thirty-two 97
Segment Thirty-three 101
Segment Thirty-four 105
Segment Thirty-five 113
Segment Thirty-six 119
Segment Thirty-seven 125
Segment Thirty-eight 131
Segment Thirty-nine 139
Segment Forty 149
Segment Forty-o~e 167
Segment Forty-two 175
Segment Forty-three 189
Segment Forty-four 193
AFTERWORD 199
Technical Conclusions 201
Mitigating Procedures 207
Iroquois Archaeological and
Historic Field Procedures 215
Glossary 225
Bibliography 239
Errata in Volume One 253
APPENDIX ONE Contents description 255
APPENDIX TWO Contents description 327
36 CFR §800 487
Last Page 492
Engraving based on the second Grinnell Expedition
in search of Sir John Franklin .•••••••.•..••. Front Cover
Map showing location of pipeline segments •••••••.••• 13
Map outlining U.S.G.S. Quadrangles in Alaska •.•••••• 15
Cultural Chronology and artifacts [Humphrey] ••••.••.• 17
Paleoenvironmental zones of Alaska [Brooks] •••••.•••• 19
Dorset III Polar Bear swimming •••••••••.••••• 25
Early Man migration routes from Eurasia ••••••••••••.. 27
Russian bigamy investigation request [1823] .••••••••. 35
Translation .•••••••.•.•••• 36
Engraving. Sailing ship near Beechey Point [1856] •••• 37
Whalebone corset advertisement •••• ·-· •••••.••• 40
Diary entry of Bishop Clut [1872] ••••••••••••••• 41
Alaska gold report. Washington Star, Oct. 14, 1875 •.• 45
Last Will and Testament of George Thomas [1908] ••.•.• 49
Letter of Charles Ross, Christmas Day, 1918 •••••••••• 50
Map of Native Legal Ethnic Associations •••••••••••••• 57
Eskimo Ideograph [Wickersham collection] .•••••••••.• 65
Eskimo Artifacts [1785- 1795] .••••••••••.••• 71
Kayak [Boas, Berlin Museum, 1877] ••••••••.•.••.. 81
Native drawing of runaway dogsled ••••.••••.••••• 91
Photograph of old log church, Arctic Village [1975]... 111
Shaman [Devil Doctor] • • • • • • • • • • . . • • . 118
Projectile Points of the Paleoindian Tradition ••••••• 127
Alaska map, Alaska Road Commission, 1920 ••••.•••.•.• 137
Sharps Rifle, mail order advertisement ••••••••••••.•. 142
Native drawing of a snare ••••••••••••••• 143
Photograph of Fort Yukon, circa 1905 ••..••••.•••.•. 147
"The Esquimaux", first Alaska newspaper • . • • • • • • • . • • • . 155,164
Photograph of Eagle Public School, circa 1905 .••...•. 165
Engraving, Trapping Fur-Bearing Animals [1897] ••••••• 171
Alaska map, 1909, Department of the Interior ••••••••. 173
Wedge-shaped Microcores of the Paleoarctic Tradition 178
Engraving. Tents of Government Surveyors [1896],map [1898] 179,188
Tables of geomorphological data for Alaska archaeology 203,205
Examples of recording forms and field data forms- 320,461,478
Color map insert of alternative pipeline routes •.•• inside Back Cover
7
INTRODUCTION
PROLOGUE
Volume Two intends to evaluate the cultural potential along the
natural gas pipeline routes proposed by the Alaskan Arctic Gas Pipeline
company on March 21, 1974; and to do so, fairly and equitably as compared
to the evaluation in Volume One for the routes proposed by El Paso Alaska
company in its formal application of September 24, 1974.
For a work of this kind, the principal factors for ··evaluation are in
the National Register criteria pursuant to the National Historic Preservation
Act of 1966 and Chapter VIII, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
(Part 800), et al., and Executive Order 11593. This criteria establishes an
arbitrary cut~off of fifty years [before the present] for a resource to be
eligible for inclusion on the National Register. A "resource" must be
associated with an event that has made a "significant contribution to the
broad patterns of our history; ••• or yielded, or may be likely to yield,
information important in prehistory or history." However, the Federal
Register also allows inclusion of property which has achieved significance
within the past fifty years "if it is of exceptional importance."
Therefore, in this work the pre-history spans the earliest time through
1741, the time of the first European contact with Alaskan Natives, and the
history spans from 1741 to fifty years ago- 1925, just~ few years after the
completion of the Alaska Railroad [1923].
It is our view and intent that both volumes constitute a single work and
every reasonable attempt was made to update Volume One where needed and to
avoid duplications in this volume. However, general conclusions and those
recommendations in Volume Two apply to the proposals of both competing
applicants, unless specifically stated otherwise.
The methodology employed and described in Volume One [pp. 33-42] has
been used herein with only a few modifications. The Segments, or distinct
portions of alternative routes, differ in this volume and the segments are
shown on the map following this page.
Returning for a moment to the National Criteria associated with cultural
resources, it must be noted that Alaska is quite unique among the fifty
states, and that even a conservative interpretation of Federal regulations
allows inclusion on the Register of most sites and buildings inventoried in
the assessment. Archaeologically and historically, Alaska holds impressive
credentials as the repository of Early Man's evidence in North America and
of early American development in the north, and whatever Alaska has as
cultural resources may well be threatened without carefully determining the
mitigating procedures to be adopted to avoid destroying Alaska's cultural
resources along any authorized gas pipeline route.
11
Each segment is evaluated separately and in numerical sequence. The
assessment procedure is tied to the Alaska Heritage Resource Survey Index
[Anchorage] and for location to the quadrangle maps [scale 1: 250,000] of
the United States Geological Survey. The map on the next page and the
map's legend provide the keys·to reconcile the Survey Index's alphabetical
coding with the appropriate U.S.G.S. map's numerical coding.
Each site in the Survey Ipdex has a six character identification used
as an address code for electronic retrieval in a computer storage system.
A three letter prefix gives the. geographical location as keyed to a U.S.G.S.
quadrangle map and the three number suffix designates a specific site within
the area of that map.
For example: Survey Index COde PSM 003 designates a specific site
in the Phillip Smith Mountains quadrangle map, which is U.S.G.S.
map mnnber 135 in the Alaska series of 1: 250,000. The "003" also
indicates that at least two other sites have been either identified
or reserved within this quadrangle area. This computer entry is
supported by a Record Card on which more detailed information has
been provided. Both the Record card and the computer entry provide
location by longitude and latitude usually.
The information from both sources does not always reconcile with the
site description of terrain and topography, and the coordinates are sometimes
inconsistent with the descriptive location~ or differ between the Record
Card and the computer listing. This may be due to the reluctance of the
field investigator to disclose the locality exactly to avoid a competing
scientist from finding the spot or to minimize the chance of a "pot hunter"
or potential scavanger of ursurping the resources.
This particular problem should be cleared up in Mitigating Procedures
since it can be prejudicial to an applicant or prejudicial to the public.
[
In the first case, an applicant may face a false routing problem and in the
other case, the public may unwittingly lose a valuable site because of
blameless misrouting by an applicant. Since the archaeological investigation
is often the most demandingof all the "cultural resources• field work", it
appears that in this case in Alaska, due to the magnitude of the project,
both negative field data must be accounted for as w.ell as the traditional
positive data. This, too, must be included ·in the Mitigating Procedures. ~
[
This volume does contain a special section on "Mitigating Procedures"
and also contains separate paleoenvironmental descriptions for each
L
segment. While it is unfortunate that the same .was not provided in
Volume One, the paleoenvironmental settings for the El Paso segments can be
easily extrapolated from the descriptions provided in this volume.
L
I.
12
ARCTIC OCEAN
Beaufort Sea
ALASKA
BR
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\YUKON
,...
miles \.
SCALE SO
\
PIPELINE ROUTES
STUDY SEGMENTS
VOLUME ONE Seg. I - 28
VOLUME TWO Seg. 29 - Z.Z.
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13 November 1975
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Volume Two 1307 •
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