Germany and the Second World War: Volume 5: Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Part I: Wartime Administration, Economy, and ... of Power Vol 5 (Germany & Second World War) PDF
Preview Germany and the Second World War: Volume 5: Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Part I: Wartime Administration, Economy, and ... of Power Vol 5 (Germany & Second World War)
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SSS EEE RRR BBB III AAA tttooo BBB UUU LLL GGG AAA RRR III AAA MMM OOO NNN TTT EEE AAAlllbbbaaannniiiaaa TTTaaabbbrrriiizzz NNN EEE GGG RRR OOO SSSOOOFFFIIIAAA tttooo BBBuuulllgggaaarrriiiaaa IIIssstttaaannnbbbuuulll III RRR AAA NNN SSSaaalllooonnniiikkkaaa AAANNNKKKAAARRRAAA TTTIIIRRRAAANNNAAA aranto AAALLLBBBAAANNNIIIAAA TTT UUU RRR KKK EEE YYY GGGRRREEE A eS g e e a a n AAAdddaaannnaaa Tigris EEECCC IIIzzzmmmiiirrr I oS n e i aa n EEE ATHENS AAAdddaaallliiiaaa (FrenScYh RmIAandat. Euphrates BAGHDAD Crete DodecaneseI. Cyprus BEIRUT Damatsecursr.) I R A Q GERMANY AND THE SECOND WORLD WAR V/1 Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power This page intentionally left blank Germany and the Second World War Edited by the Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History), Potsdam, Germany VOLUME V Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power PART 1 Wartime administration,economy, and manpower resources 1939–1941 BERNHARD R. KROENER ROLF-DIETER MÜLLER HANS UMBREIT Translated by JOHN BROWNJOHN PATRICIA CRAMPTON EWALD OSERS LOUISE WILLMOT Translation editor EWALD OSERS CLARENDON PRESS · OXFORD 2000 3 Great Clarendon Street,Oxford OX26DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research,scholarship, and education by publishing woldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc.,New York © Deutsche Verlags-Anstatt GmbH,Stuttgart 1998Inc. The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2000 All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. or as expressly permitted by law,or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations.Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press,at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0-19-822887-2 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Typeset by Best-set Typesetter Ltd.,Hong Kong Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by T.J.International Ltd.,Padstow,Cornwall Contents LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi LIST OF TABLES xvii NOTES ON THE AUTHORS xxi NOTE ON THE TRANSLATION xxiii ABBREVIATIONS xxiv GLOSSARY OF FOREIGN TERMS xliv INTRODUCTION 1 PART I Towards Continental Dominion BY HANS UMBREIT 9 I. PLANS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF OCCUPIED TERRITORIES BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF WAR 11 II. STAGES IN THE TERRITORIAL ‘NEW ORDER’ IN EUROPE 22 1. Germany’s Expansion by ‘Peaceful’and Warlike Means 22 (a) Austria 22 (b) Sudetenland 24 (c) Bohemia and Moravia 32 (d) Poland 41 (e) Denmark 62 (f) Norway 66 (g) Western Europe:Luxemburg,the Netherlands, 71 Belgium,France (h) Yugoslavia and Greece 92 (i) The Occupied Soviet Territories 99 2. Structures of the German Sphere of Power 121 3. Lack of Uniformity in Administration 129 4. Hitler’s Europe 151 III. THE PREFERRED ‘NEW ORDER’: TERRITORIES ANNEXED DE JURE ANDDE FACTO 168 vi Contents IV. ADMINISTRATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF THE GERMAN SPHERE OF POWER 203 1. Direct Exercise of Rule and Supervisory Administration 203 2. Legislation and Jurisdiction 213 3. Securing the Occupied Territories by Police and Military Means 223 V. THE EXPLOITATION OF THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES 253 1. The Economic ‘New Order’ 253 2. Pillage and Methodical Exploitation 260 3. Attainment of Financial Advantage 298 4. Recruitment of Labour 307 VI. GERMAN RULE IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES: PRETENSIONS AND REALITY 314 1. The ‘Master Race’and ‘Ethnic Aliens’:German Racial Policy 314 (a) Ethnic Germans 314 (b) Slavs 317 (c) Prisoners of War 327 (d) Refugees 331 (e) Jews 333 2. German Propaganda in the Occupied Territories 349 3. Aspirations towards Cultural Hegemony 362 4. Material Hardships and Hunger 376 VII. COLLABORATION AND RESISTANCE 384 PART II The Mobilization of the German Economy for Hitler’s War Aims BY ROLF-DIETER MÜLLER 405 I. PREPARATIONS FOR TOTAL WAR 407 II. IMPROVISATION IN LIEU OF PLANNING: THE ‘TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY’ 424 1. The Abortive Mobilization of September 1939 424 2. The Claim to Military Primacy 430 3. Curbed Reorientation and the Decentralization of Industrial Production 436 4. Polycentrism as a Product of Indecision in the National Socialist Regime 448 5. Initial Effects and Consequences of the Blockade 457 Contents vii (a) The Organization of Wartime Foreign Trade and the Inception of Economic Warfare 457 (b) The ‘Food War’ 462 III. MAKESHIFT SOLUTIONS IN SPRING 1940 474 1. The ‘Ammunition Crisis’:Renewed Mobilization Efforts and Administrative Compromises 474 2. The Allocation of Raw Materials as a Means of Controlling Armaments 495 (a) Coal 503 (b) Petroleum 504 (c) Iron and Steel 506 3. The First Closure Campaign 513 4. Todt in the Ascendant 526 5. The Formation of the Reich Ministry for Arms and Ammunition 540 IV. THE VICTOR’S HUBRIS: GERMANY LOSES ITS LEAD IN ARMAMENTS AFTER THE FRENCH CAMPAIGN 564 1. Mobilization Discontinued Once More 564 2. Adjustment to a Postwar Economy 569 3. Continental Europe in the Service of the German War Economy 576 4. The Reorientation of Arms Manufacture:Shortages and Priorities 581 V. THE CRIPPLING OF ARMAMENTS PRODUCTION 604 1. The Struggle for Control of the Armaments Industry 604 2. The Second Closure Campaign:Intensified Mobilization in Favour of Armaments Begins in Spring 1941 621 3. Hitler Turns East 629 VI. THE ROAD INTO CRISIS 641 1. Todt’s Initiative in the Summer of 1941 641 2. Readjustment to a ‘War of Endurance’? 647 3. The New Redirection of Armaments in July 1941 652 4. Upheavals in the Domestic Economy 666 5. Limits of Economic Expansion 679 6. Waiting for a Solution 684 7. Göring’s Last Appearance as Economic Dictator 701 8. Starting-point for Armaments in 1942 708 VII. BEGINNINGS OF A REORGANIZATION OF THE WAR ECONOMY AT THE TURN OF 1941/1942 722 1. The Search for New Outlooks 722 2. The End of the Military Command Economy 758 3. From Todt to Speer 773
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