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Germany and the Holy Roman Empire. Volume 2. The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of Reich 1648-1806.OUP. 2012 PDF

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Preview Germany and the Holy Roman Empire. Volume 2. The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of Reich 1648-1806.OUP. 2012

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire BY JOACHIM WHALEY VOLUME 2 FROM THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA TO – THE DISSOLUTION OF THE REICH 1648 1806 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DP OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #JoachimWhaley2012 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2012 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby MPGBooksGroups,BodminandKing’sLynn ISBN 978–0–19–969307–8 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 For Alice Acknowledgements I have incurred numerous debts during my work on this project and it is my pleasuretorecordsomeofthemhere.Thelistofinstitutionsmaybecomplete,but IhavenodoubtthatIhaveoverlookedmanyindividualsandIshouldapologizeto thematthispoint. The British Academy provided me witha generous Wolfson European Fellow- ship when I started work, which enabled me to spend time at the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel. Book and research grants provided by Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge have been invaluable at every stage. The College also generously awarded me an additional grant towards the cost of the index. I am gratefultotheElectorsoftheTiarksGermanScholarshipFund,whokindlyagreed topayforthemapsandtohelpwithothercostsIincurredintheproductionofthe manuscript.AgenerousgrantfromtheNewtonTrusthelpedmeinthefinalstages ofcheckingthemanuscriptforsubmissionandpreparingitforpublication. Among themany peoplewhohave givenmehelpandencouragement overthe years, I should like to thank the following: Geoff Bailey, Derek Beales, Ilya Bercovich, Tim Blanning, Nicholas Boyle, Annabel Brett, Anita Bunyan, Paul Castle,StephanieChan,ChristopherClark,ChristopheDuhamelle,RichardDun- can-Jones,RichardEvans,StephenFennell,AxelGotthard,thelateTrevorJohnson, Andreas Klinger, Charlotte Lee, Neil McKendrick, Ian Maclean, Alison Martin, SharonNevill,Barry Nisbet, SheilaghOgilvie, WilliamO’Reilly,MichaelParkin, Roger Paulin, the late Volker Press, Ritchie Robertson, Heinz Schilling, Anton Schindling, Alexander Schmidt, Georg Schmidt, Luise Schorn-Schütte, Brendan Simms, Ingrid Sindermann-Mittmann, Gareth Stedman Jones, Mikuláš Teich, AliceTeichova,Andrew Thompson,MaikenUmbach,HelenWatanabe-O’Kelly, SiegridWestphal,PeterWilson,CharlotteWoodford,andChrisYoung. My work would not have been possible without the assistance of the staff of the Cambridge University Library. In particular, David Lowe and Christian Staufenbiel have been absolutely marvellous. I have much appreciated Christian’s willingnesstorespondto(fartoomany)e-mailsmarked‘urgent’andthespeedwith whichhehassooftenmadeitpossibleformetoconsultanewlyacquiredbook.He andDavidLowetogethermaketheUniversityLibrarysurelyoneofthebestplaces intheworldtopursueresearch inGermanstudies. At Gonville and Caius College, Yvonne Holmes, Wendy Fox and Louise Mills haveprovidedassistanceatcrucialpoints.ThecombinedeffortsofHarveyBarker, Maki Lam, Matt Lee, and Richard Pettit in the College Computer Office have ensuredthatIdidnotonoccasiondeletelargepartsofthetextbymistakeandthey rescuedmepromptly,andwithgreatgoodhumour,fromalltoomany‘computer crises’. In the Caius library, Mark Statham and Sonia Londero have always been unfailinglyhelpful. Acknowledgements vii IamgratefultoPhilipSticklerandDavidWatsonoftheCambridgeUniversity Department of Geography Cartographic Unit for their help in devising the maps whichaccompanyeachvolume. At Oxford University Press, I would like to thank my wonderfully helpful Commissioning Editor Stephanie Ireland, and Production Editor Emma Barber. Elizabeth Stone (copy-editor) and Fiona Barry (proofreader) have also been most thoroughandefficient. Robert Evans invited me to undertake this project and he has been constantly supportiveeversince.Hehasalsobeenextremelypatientinawaitingtheoutcome. Iamdeeplygratefultohimforhistrustinmeandforthecareandattentionwith which he read various sections of the text over the years and then the draft of the wholemanuscriptinthesummerof2010. Among many more personal debts, I amgrateful toDavid Theobald and Peter Crabbe for cups of tea and diverting conversations about things other than ‘the book’,andtotheReverendMargaretMabbs,whoaskedeveryyear. Mygreatestdebt,asthededicationindicates,istoAlice. JoachimWhaley Cambridge 31.x.11 This page intentionally left blank Contents ANoteonTerminologyandUsage xii ANoteonMapsandOnlineResources xiv Abbreviations xvi ListofMaps xvii Maps xix,xxi IntroductiontoVolume2:FromthePeaceofWestphaliatotheDissolution oftheReichin1806 xxiii I. RECONSTRUCTION AND RESURGENCE, 1648–1705: THE REICH UNDER FERDINAND III AND LEOPOLD I 1. HistoriansandtheReichaftertheThirtyYearsWar 3 2. TheLastYearsofFerdinandIII:WesternLeaguesandNorthernWars 10 3. FromFerdinandIIItoLeopoldI 18 4. LeopoldIandhisForeignEnemies 28 5. ANewTurkishThreat 42 6. RenewedConflictwithFrance 46 7. TheEmperor,thePerpetualReichstag,theKreise,andImperialJustice 53 8. ImperialNetworks:theReichskircheandtheImperialCities 66 9. TheImperialCourtatViennaandDynasticElevationsintheReich 70 10. TheNatureoftheReich:ProjectsandCulture 79 11. InterpretationsoftheLeopoldineReich 95 II. CONSOLIDATION AND CRISIS, 1705–1740: THE REICH UNDER JOSEPH I AND CHARLES VI 12. TwoWarsandThreeEmperors 105 13. LeopoldI,JosephI,andtheWarofSpanishSuccession 108 14. JosephIandtheGovernmentoftheReich 120 15. CharlesVI:FruitionorDecline? 129 16. ConflictingPriorities:c.1714–c.1730 136 17. CharlesVIandtheGovernmentoftheReich 142 18. TheReturnofConfessionalPolitics? 150 19. TheProblemoftheAustrianSuccession 158 20. TheEbbofImperialPower,1733–1740? 163 21. TheReichinPrint 169 x Contents III. THE GERMAN TERRITORIES, c.1648–c.1760 22. AnAgeofAbsolutism? 187 23. ContemporaryPerceptions:FromReconstructionto EarlyEnlightenment 192 24. TheSmallerTerritories 202 25. AustriaandBrandenburg-Prussia 213 26. TheRevivaloftheCourtandtheDevelopmentof TerritorialGovernment 221 27. TheCourt:ItsCulture,itsFunctions,anditsCritics 224 28. TheDevelopmentofMilitaryPower 234 29. PrincesandEstates 241 30. AnOppressedPeasantry? 249 31. GovernmentandSociety 257 32. GovernmentandEconomicDevelopment 270 33. PublicandPrivateEnterprise 277 34. ChristianPolities:BaroqueCatholicism 287 35. ChristianPolities:TheTerritoriesoftheReichskirche 299 36. ChristianPolities:ProtestantOrthodoxyandRenewal 307 37. FromCoexistencetoToleration? 322 38. EnlightenmentandPatriotism 330 IV. DECLINE OR MATURITY? THE REICH FROM CHARLES VII TO LEOPOLD II, c. 1740–1792 39. ThreeEmperorsandaKing 347 40. SilesianWars,1740–1763 352 41. ManagingtheReichwithouttheHabsburgs:CharlesVII(1742–1745) 366 42. TheReturnoftheHabsburgs:FrancisI(1745–1765) 379 43. TheReichwithoutEnemies?GermanyandEurope,1763–1792 393 44. Renewal:JosephII,1765–c.1776 409 45. TheGreatReformDebate:JosephII,c.1778–1790 417 46. Restoration:LeopoldII,1790–1792 427 47. CentralandIntermediateInstitutionsoftheReich 432 48. TheReich,thePublicSphere,andtheNation 438 V. THE GERMAN TERRITORIES AFTER c. 1760 49. EnlightenmentandtheProblemofReform 447 50. CrisisandOpportunity 453 Contents xi 51. TheChallengeoftheEnlightenmentandthePublicSphere 460 52. Protestant,Catholic,andJewishAufklärung 470 53. AufklärungandGovernment 485 54. Cameralism,Physiocracy,andtheProvisioningofSociety 494 55. EconomicPolicy:Manufactures,Guilds,Welfare,andTaxation 503 56. Administration,Law,andJustice 513 57. EducationandToleration 517 58. CourtsandCulture 527 59. TheImpactofReform:ImmunityagainstRevolution? 542 VI. WAR AND DISSOLUTION: THE REICH, 1792–1806 60. RupturesandContinuities 557 61. TheReichintheRevolutionaryWars 565 62. ReverberationsoftheFrenchRevolutionintheReich: UnrestandUprisings 583 63. ReverberationsoftheFrenchRevolutionintheReich:Intellectuals 592 64. SchemesfortheReformoftheReichinthe1790s 602 65. ThePeaceofLunéville(1801)andthe Reichsdeputationshauptschluss(1803) 614 66. TheTransformationoftheReich,1803–1805 623 67. FinalAttemptsatReformandtheDissolutionoftheReich,1806 636 Conclusion 645 GlossaryofGermanandotherTerms 651 Bibliography 657 Index 719

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