Geothermal energy: sustainable heating and cooling using the ground

299 Pages·2017·7.565 MB·English

by  Marc A Rosen, Seama Koohi-Fayegh

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GeothermalEnergy
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Geothermal Energy
SustainableHeatingandCoolingUsingtheGround
MarcA.RosenandSeamaKoohi-Fayegh
UniversityofOntarioInstituteofTechnology,Oshawa,Canada
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2017
©2017JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Rosen,Marc(MarcA.),author.|Koohi-Fayegh,Seama,1983-author.
Title:Geothermalenergy:sustainableheatingandcoolingusingtheground/
MarcA.RosenandSeamaKoohi-Fayegh,UniversityofOntarioInstituteof
Technology,Oshawa,Canada.
Description:Chichester,WestSussex,UnitedKingdom:JohnWiley&Sons,
Inc.,[2017]|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2016037031(print)|LCCN2016046782(ebook)|ISBN
9781119180982(cloth)|ISBN9781119181033(pdf)|ISBN9781119181019
(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Groundsourceheatpumpsystems.
Classification:LCCTH7417.5.R672017(print)|LCCTH7417.5(ebook)|DDC
697/.7–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016037031
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Setin10/12ptWarnockbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
10987654321
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Tomywife,Margot,andmychildren,AllisonandCassandra,fortheirinspirationand
love.
Andtomyparentsfortheirloveandsupport.
MarcA.Rosen
Tomyhusband,Ali,andmymother,fortheirinspirationandlove.
Andtothememoryofmyfather.
SeamaKoohi-Fayegh
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Contents
Preface xv
AbouttheAuthors xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Nomenclature xxiii
1 IntroductiontoGeothermalEnergy 1
1.1 FeaturesofGeothermalEnergy 2
1.2 GeothermalEnergySystems 3
1.3 OutlineoftheBook 4
References 7
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2 Fundamentals 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Thermodynamics 8
2.2.1 ThermodynamicSystem,ProcessandCycle 8
2.2.2 ThermodynamicProperty 9
2.2.3 StateandPhase 9
2.2.4 Properties 10
2.2.5 SensibleandLatentProcesses 10
2.2.6 IdealandRealGases 11
2.2.7 EnergyandPower 13
2.2.8 TheLawsofThermodynamics 13
2.2.9 ReversibilityandIrreversibility 14
2.2.10 ExergyandExergyAnalysis 14
2.2.10.1 Exergy 15
2.2.10.2 ExergyAnalysis 16
2.2.10.3 ExergyvsEnergy 16
2.2.10.4 ExergyandtheEnvironment 17
2.3 HeatTransfer 18
2.3.1 ExchangeofHeat 18
2.3.2 ModesofHeatTransfer 18
2.3.3 Conduction 19
2.3.4 Convection 20
2.3.5 Radiation 21
2.3.6 HeatTransferforSelectedSimpleGeometries 23
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2.4 FluidMechanics 23
2.4.1 FluidFlow 24
2.4.2 GoverningEquations 26
2.4.2.1 ContinuityEquation 26
2.4.2.2 MomentumandEulerEquations 27
2.4.2.3 BernoulliandNavier–StokesEquations 28
2.4.3 PipeFlow 29
2.4.4 BoundaryLayer 29
2.5 TheNatureoftheGround 30
2.5.1 GroundComposition 30
2.5.2 Groundwater 31
2.5.3 GroundTemperatureVariations 31
2.5.4 SoilMicrobialCommunities 32
References 32
3 BackgroundandTechnologies 34
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 HeatPumps 34
3.3 HeatExchangers 36
3.4 Heating,Ventilating,andAirConditioning 36
3.5 EnergyStorage 37
(cid:2) 4 UndergroundThermalEnergyStorage 39 (cid:2)
4.1 Introduction 39
4.2 ThermalEnergyStorageMethods 40
4.2.1 Fundamentals 40
4.2.2 AdvantagesofThermalEnergyStorage 41
4.2.3 ThermalEnergyStorageOperationandPerformance 42
4.2.4 ThermalEnergyStorageTypes 43
4.2.4.1 SensibleThermalEnergyStorage 44
4.2.4.2 LatentThermalEnergyStorage 46
4.2.4.3 ThermochemicalThermalEnergyStorage 47
4.2.5 ThermalEnergyQualityandThermalEnergyStorageStratification 49
4.2.5.1 ThermalEnergyQuality 49
4.2.5.2 ExergyofThermalEnergy 50
4.2.5.3 StorageofThermalExergy 50
4.2.5.4 ThermalStratification 51
4.2.6 ThermalEnergyStorageEconomics 51
4.2.6.1 EconomicsofThermalStorageforCooling 53
4.2.6.2 EconomicsofThermalStorageforHeating 53
4.2.7 ThermalEnergyStorageDesign,Selection,andTesting 53
4.2.8 ThermalEnergyStorageMarketsandApplications 55
4.2.8.1 ThermalEnergyStorageMarkets 55
4.2.8.2 ThermalEnergyStorageApplications 55
4.2.9 ComparisonofThermalEnergyStorageTypes 56
4.3 UndergroundThermalStorageMethodsandSystems 57
4.3.1 TypesandCharacteristicsofUndergroundThermalEnergyStorage 58
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Contents ix
4.3.2 Example:ResidentialHeatingUsingUndergroundThermalEnergy
Storage 60
4.4 IntegrationofThermalEnergyStoragewithHeatPumps 62
4.4.1 ApplicationsofHeatPumpswithThermalEnergyStorage 62
4.4.2 BenefitsofIntegratingHeatPumpswithThermalEnergyStoragefor
Heating 63
4.4.3 BenefitsofIntegratingHeatPumpswithThermalEnergyStoragefor
Cooling 63
4.4.4 Multi-SeasonIntegrationofHeatPumpswithThermalEnergyStoragefor
HeatingandCooling 64
4.4.5 Example:InstitutionalHeatingandCoolingUsingHeatPumpsandThermal
EnergyStorage 66
4.5 ClosingRemarks 68
References 68
5 GeothermalHeatingandCooling 76
5.1 Ground-SourceHeatPumps 77
5.2 GeothermalHeatExchangers 78
5.2.1 Low-TemperatureGeothermalHeatExchangers 79
5.2.1.1 DirectExchange 80
5.2.1.2 OpenLoop 80
5.2.1.3 ClosedLoop 81
(cid:2) 5.2.2 High-TemperatureGeothermalSystems 83 (cid:2)
References 85
6 DesignConsiderationsandInstallation 86
6.1 SensitivitytoGroundThermalConductivity 86
6.2 ThermalResponseTest 89
6.2.1 TestSetup 90
6.2.2 MathematicalModel 92
6.2.2.1 Line-SourceModel 92
6.2.2.2 Cylindrical-SourceModel 94
6.3 BuildingEnergyCalculations 95
6.3.1 WeatherData 96
6.3.2 BuildingConsiderations 97
6.3.3 HeatPumpConsiderations 98
6.3.4 LoadCalculations 100
6.3.5 GroundHeatInjectionandExtraction 101
6.4 Economics 105
6.4.1 EconomicAnalysisofaGround-SourceHeatPumpforHeatingandCoolinga
SingleBuilding 107
6.4.2 ComparisonofEconomicsofaGround-SourceHeatPumpandanAir-Source
HeatPump 107
6.5 Standards 108
References 109
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7 ModelingGroundHeatExchangers 111
7.1 GeneralAspectsofModeling 111
7.1.1 ModelingGroundSurfaceBoundaryConditions 112
7.1.2 MoistureMigrationinSoil 112
7.1.3 GroundwaterMovement 114
7.2 AnalyticalModels 116
7.2.1 HeatTransferInsidetheBorehole 117
7.2.1.1 One-DimensionalModel 117
7.2.1.2 Two-DimensionalModel 118
7.2.1.3 Quasi-Three-DimensionalModel 120
7.2.2 HeatTransferOutsidetheBorehole 122
7.2.2.1 HeatFlowRateVariationalongtheBorehole 128
7.2.2.2 ModelingMultipleBoreholes 128
7.2.2.3 TimeVaryingHeatTransferRates 132
7.3 NumericalModeling 133
7.3.1 ModelingVerticalGroundHeatExchangers 134
7.3.2 ModelingHorizontalGroundHeatExchangers 136
7.4 ClosingRemarks 138
References 139
8 GroundHeatExchangerModelingExamples 143
8.1 Semi-AnalyticalModelingofTwoBoreholes 143
(cid:2) 8.1.1 PhysicalDomain 143 (cid:2)
8.1.2 Assumptions 145
8.1.3 Method 145
8.1.3.1 ModelCouplingviaHeatFlowRate 146
8.1.3.2 ModelCouplingviaBoreholeWallTemperature 148
8.2 NumericalModelingofTwoBoreholes 150
8.2.1 PhysicalDomain 151
8.2.2 GoverningEquations 152
8.2.3 BoreholeFluidRegion 152
8.2.4 GroutRegion 153
8.2.5 GroundRegion 153
8.2.6 PhysicalParametersandGeometricSpecifications 154
8.2.7 NumericalSolver 155
8.2.8 Grid 156
8.2.8.1 GridFormation 156
8.2.8.2 GridQuality 160
8.2.9 Discretization 161
8.2.10 Pressure-BasedSolver 161
8.2.11 InitialandBoundaryConditions 164
8.2.12 UserDefinedFunction 166
8.2.13 Summary 167
8.3 NumericalModelingofaBorefield 167
8.3.1 PhysicalDomain 169
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8.3.2 BoundaryConditions 169
8.3.3 ModelLimitations 171
8.4 NumericalModelingofaHorizontalGroundHeatExchanger 172
8.4.1 PhysicalDomain 172
8.4.2 NumericalSolver 172
8.4.3 Assumptions 174
8.4.4 PerformanceEvaluationMethod 175
8.4.5 PerformanceAnalysisoftheGround-SourceHeatPumpSystem 175
8.4.5.1 Single-LayerArrangement 175
8.4.5.2 Double-LayerArrangement 178
8.4.5.3 AdditionalSimulationsforH =1.0m 179
8.4.6 Summary 180
8.5 ModelComparison 180
References 182
9 ThermodynamicAnalysis 184
9.1 Introduction 184
9.2 AnalysisofanUndergroundThermalEnergyStorageSystem 184
9.2.1 EnergyandExergyAnalyses 185
9.2.1.1 EnergyandExergyFlowsDuringChargingandDischarging 186
9.2.1.2 EnergyandExergyBalances,EfficienciesandLosses 187
9.2.2 AssumptionsandSimplifications 189
(cid:2) 9.2.3 ResultsandDiscussion 189 (cid:2)
9.2.3.1 EnergyandExergyFlowsDuringChargingandDischarging 189
9.2.3.2 EnergyandExergyEfficienciesandLosses 190
9.3 AnalysisofaGround-SourceHeatPumpSystem 192
9.3.1 SystemDescriptionandOperation 192
9.3.2 Analyses 194
9.3.3 AnalysesofOverallSystem 194
9.3.3.1 AnalysesofPrimaryMechanicalDevices 195
9.3.3.2 AnalysesofPrimaryHeatExchangeDevices 195
9.3.4 Performance 196
9.3.4.1 ExergyDestructionRates 196
9.3.4.2 Efficiencies 196
9.4 AnalysisofaSystemIntegratingGround-SourceHeatPumpsand
UndergroundThermalStorage 197
9.4.1 RationaleforUsingaSystemIntegratingGround-SourceHeatPumpsand
ThermalStorage 197
9.4.2 DescriptionofaSystemIntegratingGround-SourceHeatPumpsandThermal
Storage 197
9.4.2.1 IntegratedSystem 198
9.4.2.2 UndergroundStorage 199
9.4.3 CoolingModeOperatingDataofaSystemIntegratingGround-SourceHeat
PumpsandThermalStorage 199
9.4.4 AnalysisofaSystemIntegratingGround-SourceHeatPumpsandThermal
Storage 199
9.4.4.1 AssumptionsandSimplifications 200
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9.4.4.2 ExergyDestructionRatesandRelativeIrreversibilities 200
9.4.4.3 OverallEfficiencies 202
9.4.4.4 ComponentEfficiencies 202
9.4.4.5 VariationsofExergyDestructionRatesandEfficiencieswithKeyDesign
Parameters 204
References 204
10 EnvironmentalFactors 206
10.1 Introduction 206
10.2 EnvironmentalBenefits 206
10.3 EnvironmentalImpacts 208
10.3.1 EnvironmentalAssessmentofaHorizontalGroundHeatExchanger 210
10.3.2 EnvironmentalAssessmentofaBorefield 210
References 217
11 RenewabilityandSustainability 218
11.1 Introduction 218
11.2 RenewabilityofGround-SourceHeatPumps 218
11.3 SustainabilityofGround-SourceHeatPumps 220
11.3.1 ThermalInteractionbetweenGround-SourceHeatPumps 221
References 226
(cid:2) 12 CaseStudies 228 (cid:2)
12.1 Introduction 228
12.2 ThermalEnergyStorageinGroundforHeatingandCooling 229
12.2.1 SystemDescription 229
12.2.2 SystemOperation 230
12.2.3 SystemAdvantages 230
12.2.4 SystemDisadvantages 230
12.3 UndergroundandWaterTankThermalEnergyStorageforHeating 231
12.3.1 Location 231
12.3.2 DescriptionoftheDrakeLandingSolarCommunity 231
12.3.3 CommunityEnergySystem 231
12.3.4 OperationofEnergySystem 234
12.3.5 TechnicalPerformance 238
12.3.6 EconomicPerformance 239
12.4 SpaceConditioningwithHeatPumpandSeasonalThermalStorage 239
12.4.1 DescriptionofSystem 240
12.4.2 SystemOperation 240
12.4.3 TechnicalPerformance 240
12.4.4 EconomicPerformance 241
12.4.5 EnvironmentalPerformance 241
12.5 IntegratedSystemwithGround-SourceHeatPump,ThermalStorage,and
DistrictEnergy 242
12.5.1 NatureoftheIntegration 242
12.5.2 LocalGroundConditions 242
12.5.2.1 GeologyandSoil 243
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