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Geothermal Energy: An Alternative Resource for the 21st Century PDF

293 Pages·2006·3.89 MB·English
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: AN ALTERNATIVE RESOURCE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY This page intentionally left blank GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: AN ALTERNATIVE RESOURCE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY HARSH GUPTA RajaRamannaFellow NationalGeophysicalResearchInstitute Hyderabad,India SUKANTA ROY NationalGeophysicalResearchInstitute Hyderabad,India Amsterdam (cid:1) Boston (cid:1) Heidelberg (cid:1) London (cid:1) New York (cid:1) Oxford (cid:1) Paris San Diego (cid:1) San Francisco (cid:1) Singapore (cid:1) Sydney (cid:1) Tokyo Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,TheNetherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK Firstedition2007 Copyrightr2007ElsevierB.V. Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(+44)(0)1865843830;fax(+44)(0)1865853333; email:permissions@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlineby visitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting ObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersons orpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuse oroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerial herein.Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independent verificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN-13: 978-0-444-52875-9 ISBN-10: 0-444-52875-X ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatbooks.elsevier.com PrintedandboundinTheNetherlands 07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedicated to Siddharth, Kabir and Soumik This page intentionally left blank PREFACE Hot springs have been used for balneological purposes from times immemorial. However, the use of Earth’s heat as a source of energy began in the early 20th century when electricity was produced for the first time from geothermal steam at Larderello, Italy in 1904. With the passage of time, the global population has in- creased from 2.59 billion in 1951 to 6.3 billion in 2003, and the global energy con- sumption has increased from 2,710 million metric tons of coal equivalent to 15,178 million metric tons of coal equivalent during the same time. Alternative sources of energy aregainingimportance andgeothermalenergy isoneofthem. Beingamuch cleaner source of energy, it deserves a special attention. Today, more than 20 coun- tries generate electricity from geothermal resources and about 60 countries make direct use of geothermal energy. For several small countries, such as Iceland, Phil- ippines, etc., geothermal energy constitutes a significant percentage of total electric- ity production. As of now, globally, the installed capacity is over 8,000 MW , and e indirect use of geothermal energy amounts to over 15,000 MW. Considering that t during 1971 total global geothermal electricity production was only 700 MW , the e growth has been spectacular. A 10-fold increase in geothermal energy use is fore- seeable at the current technology level. Geothermal Energy: An Alternative Resource for the 21st Century provides a readableandcoherentaccountofallfacetsofgeothermalenergydevelopment.This is an updated version of Geothermal Resources: An Energy Alternative published by theElsevierin1980(Gupta,1980).Thefirstchapterdealswiththeever-growingneed of energy due to increase in global population and the increase in per capita con- sumptionofenergy.Newmethodsofpowergenerationarebrieflycommentedupon, andtherolethatgeothermalenergyisplayingandthefuturescenariosarepresented. ThesecondchapterdealswithEarth’sstructure,temperatureandheatflow,andthe plate tectonics hypothesis. All geothermal fields and prospects are located in the vicinityoftheplateboundaries.Thebasicconceptsofheattransferandquantitative relations for the heat flow for some geometrically simple bodies are provided in the third chapter. The fourth chapter deals with classification of different kinds of geo- thermal systems. A suite of exploration techniques, viz. geological, geochemical, geophysical,airbornesurveysaredealtwithinsomedetailinthefifthchapter.How tomakeuseofthecurrentlyavailableexplorationtechniquesinaprospectarea,and how to develop an exploration approach are also commented upon in this chapter. In the sixth chapter, assessment and exploitation of geothermal resources including drilling, reservoir physics andengineering and production technologyare discussed. TheCerroPrietogeothermalfieldinMexico,withaninstalledcapacityof720MW , e is among the three largest producing geothermal fields in the world. A detailed case studyofthisfieldispresentedintheseventhchapter.Theeighthchapterprovidesthe worldwide status of the geothermal resource utilization as of now. A very new and advanced topic of using enormous amount of thermal energy stored in the tropical oceans for generation of electricity and potable water is discussed in the ninth chapter. An up to-date bibliography is provided at the end. viii Preface Importantconcepts and current technology developments have been dealt in this bookforgraduatestudents,scientists,engineersorinvestors seekingcurrent knowl- edge. Geothermal energy development draws experts from diverse traditional dis- ciplines such as geology, geophysics, engineering, investors, etc. These experts are usually abreast in their own disciplines, but to be able to converse with those with different background, a basic knowledge of other disciplines is required. This book meets this urgent requirement. The material presented in this book is based on extensive laboratory and field investigations carried out by the authors. Visits to producing geothermal fields and interactions with a large number of specialists have been very useful. They are too manytolist.Thefirstauthorwasdirectlyinvolvedwiththedevelopmentofprojects dealing with the extraction of heat energy stored in tropical waters of the Indian Ocean. A special acknowledgement is due to Drs. M. Ravindran, S. Kathiroli, Purnima Jalihal and Robert Singh of the National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai,India.AspecialmentionmustbemadeofProfessorF.Rummel,Professor S.K. Singh and Professor D. Chandrasekharam who readily provided material re- quested for. In the preparation of this text, P. Radhakrishnan provided immense help. Others who helped include M/s M. Jayarama Rao, Sharad Kumar Tank, O. Prasad Rao, G. Ramachander, M. Kranthi Kumar, V. Rajasekhar, P. Sundar Rao, G.S. Vara Prasad and M. Uma Anuradha. Harsh Gupta would like to ac- knowledge Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India for providing the Raja Ramanna Fellowship. We thank Dr. V.P. Dimri, Director, National Geo- physical Research Institute, Hyderabad for providing facilities. WearethankfultoMr.FrisoVeenstraofElsevierforurgingustowritethisbook and to Linda Versteeg, Joyce Happee and others at Elsevier and Macmillan India Production team for excellent coordination during the production of this book and the good quality of production. We would like to thank our wives Manju Gupta and Rakhee Roy and our chil- drenforsupport.SukantaRoyisextremelygratefultohisparents,SachiKantaRoy and Dipali Roy, for their encouragement. Hyderabad, India Harsh Gupta May, 2006 Sukanta Roy CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1. The Energy Outlook 1 Introduction 1 New Methods for Recovery, Power Generation and Distribution 6 Increased Utilization of the Renewable Energy Sources 7 Development and Utilization of Other Energy Sources and 9 Techniques Geothermal Energy—An Alternative 11 Chapter 2. Basic Concepts 15 Introduction 15 Earth’s Structure 15 Thermal Structure of the Earth 19 Heat Flow and Temperature Distribution within the Lithosphere 20 Sources for Heat Flow 24 Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics 25 Chapter 3. Heat Transfer 31 Introduction 31 Temperature, Heat and Its Storage 31 Heat Conduction 34 Fourier’s Equation of Heat Conduction 35 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction 36 Heat Convection 38 Heat Radiation 40 Temperature Estimates in Some Simple Geological Situations 43 Chapter 4. Geothermal Systems and Resources 49 Introduction 49 Types of Geothermal Systems 50 Vapor-Dominated Geothermal Fields 50 Hot Water Geothermal Systems 53 Geopressured Geothermal Resources 55 Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Systems 57 Magma 59 Chapter 5. Exploration Techniques 61 Geological and Hydrological Considerations 61 General Background 61 Geothermal Resources Associated with Igneous Intrusions in the 62 Upper Crust Geothermal Regimes not Related to Young Intrusions 65 Choosing a Prospect Area 66

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More than 20 countries generate electricity from geothermal resources and about 60 countries make direct use of geothermal energy. A ten-fold increase in geothermal energy use is foreseeable at the current technology level. Geothermal Energy: An Alternative Resource for the 21st Century provides a r
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