GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION IN SOFT GROUND comprises a collection of 112 contributions presented at the Tenth International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, held in Cambridge, United Kingdom, 27-29th June 2022. This 2nd edition also includes four general reports on the symposium themes which give an overview of the papers submitted to the symposium, covered in four technical sessions. The symposium is the latest in a series which began in New Delhi in 1994, and was followed by symposia in London (1996), Tokyo (1999), Toulouse (2002), Amsterdam (2005), Shanghai (2008), Rome (2011), Seoul (2014) and Sao Paulo (2017). This symposium was organised by the Geotechnical Research Group at the University of Cambridge, under the auspices of the Technical Committee TC204 of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION IN SOFT GROUND includes contributions from more than 25 countries on the research, design and construction of underground works in soft ground. The contributions cover the following themes: Second Edition • Field case studies Second M.Z.E.B. Elshafie, G.M.B. Viggiani & R.J. Mair, editors • Sensing technologies and monitoring for underground construction in soft Edition ground • Physical and numerical modelling of tunnels and deep excavations in soft ground • Seismic response of underground infrastructure in soft ground • Design and application of ground improvement for underground Elshafie construction Viggiani • Ground movements, interaction with existing structures and mitigation Mair measures editors Similar to previous editions, GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF UNDER- GROUND CONSTRUCTION IN SOFT GROUND represents a valuable source of reference on the current practice of analysis, design, and construction of tunnels and deep excavations in soft ground. The book is particularly aimed at academics and professionals interested in geotechnical and underground engineering. www.routledge.com CRC Press titles are available as eBook editions in a range of digital formats GEOTECHNICALASPECTSOFUNDERGROUNDCONSTRUCTION INSOFTGROUND.2NDEDITION GEOTECHNICALASPECTSOFUNDERGROUNDCONSTRUCTIONINSOFTGROUNDcomprisesa collectionof112contributionspresentedattheTenthInternationalSymposiumonGeotechnicalAspectsof Underground Construction in Soft Ground, heldin Cambridge, United Kingdom, 27-29th June 2022. This 2nd edition also includes four general reports on the symposium themes which give an overview of the paperssubmittedtothesymposium,coveredinfourtechnicalsessions. ThesymposiumisthelatestinaserieswhichbeganinNewDelhiin1994,andwasfollowedbysymposiain London(1996),Tokyo(1999),Toulouse(2002),Amsterdam(2005),Shanghai(2008),Rome(2011),Seoul (2014) and Sao Paulo (2017). This symposium was organised by the Geotechnical Research Group at the UniversityofCambridge,undertheauspicesoftheTechnicalCommitteeTC204oftheInternationalSociety forSoilMechanicsandGeotechnicalEngineering(ISSMGE). Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction inSoft Ground includes contributions from more than 25countriesontheresearch,designandconstructionofundergroundworksinsoftground.Thecontributions coverthefollowingthemes: (cid:129) Fieldcasestudies (cid:129) Sensingtechnologiesandmonitoringforundergroundconstructioninsoftground (cid:129) Physicalandnumericalmodellingoftunnelsanddeepexcavationsinsoftground (cid:129) Seismicresponseofundergroundinfrastructureinsoftground (cid:129) Designandapplicationofgroundimprovementforundergroundconstruction (cid:129) Groundmovements,interactionwithexistingstructuresandmitigationmeasures Similar to previous editions, GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION IN SOFTGROUNDrepresentsa valuable source ofreferenceonthecurrent practice ofanalysis,design,and constructionoftunnelsanddeepexcavationsinsoftground.Thebookisparticularlyaimedatacademicsand professionalsinterestedingeotechnicalandundergroundengineering. PROCEEDINGSOFTHETENTHINTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONGEOTECHNICAL ASPECTSOFUNDERGROUNDCONSTRUCTIONINSOFTGROUND,IS-CAMBRIDGE 2022,CAMBRIDGE,UNITEDKINGDOM,27-29 JUNE 2022 Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground. 2nd Edition Editors MohammedZ.E.B.Elshafie QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar GiuliaM.B.Viggiani UniversityofCambridge,UK RobertJ.Mair UniversityofCambridge,UK Coverimage:Covertopphotocredit:Tideway Bottomcoverphoto:©CopyrightCrossrail CRCPress/BalkemaisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2023selectionandeditorialmatter,ISSMGE,London,UK;individualchapters,the contributors TypesetbyIntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd.,Pondicherry,India The right of ISSMGE, London, UK to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, andoftheauthorsfortheirindividualchapters,hasbeenassertedinaccordancewithsections 77and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or theinformationcontainedherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Acatalogrecordhasbeenrequestedforthisbook Firstpublished2023 byCRCPress/Balkema 4ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,Oxon,OX144RN e-mail:[email protected] www.routledge.com–www.taylorandfrancis.com ISBN:978-1-032-40947-4(Hbk) ISBN:978-1-032-40957-3(Pbk) ISBN:978-1-003-35559-5(eBook) DOI:10.1201/9781003355595 GeotechnicalAspectsofUndergroundConstructioninSoftGround–Elshafie,Viggiani&Mair(eds) ©2023ISSMGE,London,UK,ISBN978-1-032-40947-4 Table of contents Prefacetothe2ndedition xiii Organisation xv Sponsor xvii Fieldcasestudiesandsensingtechnologies Ovalisationofcast-irontunnelsinresponsetonearbytunnelingwork 3 M.Alhaddad&K.Soga Lubricationcharacteristicsofpipejackinginsoftalluvialdeposits 12 W.-C.Cheng,G.Li&D.E.L.Ong ArecentsubwayconstructionincidentinsoftalluvialdepositsofTaiwan 19 W.-C.Cheng,G.Li&M.M.Rahman SettlementsduetotunnelingintheCityofSãoPaulo 26 A.LopesdosSantos,W.Bilfinger&H.C.Rocha Evaluationofgeological/geotechnicalgeostatisticalmodelsfortunnelingapplications 35 R.Gangrade,W.Trainor-Guitton,M.Mooney&J.Grasmick Pillarupliftobservedinbracedexcavationofasubwaystation 43 Y.B.Gao,Z.Y.Yang,T.J.Yao&X.M.Tang Solutionimplementationforatunnelcollapseinaweakembankmentsoil:Thecaseofthe AliBoumendjelMetrostation,Algiers,Algeria 51 R.Hebib,Z.Derriche,B.Alloul&D.Belhai Designoflargetwin-wallcofferdamsforshipimpact 60 B.D.Jones,E.Murphy&P.J.Astle Designoflargetemporaryworksshipimpactprotectionstructures 68 B.D.Jones,E.Murphy&P.J.Astle Large-scaleimprovementworkofsubwaystationsinsoftground 74 S.Konishi,T.Moriya,R.Fukuda,T.Murakami&K.Okanoya Comparisonbetweenpredictedandmeasuredperformanceofadeepexcavationinsoftclay inGothenburg,Sweden 83 J.Langford,K.Karlsrud,E.Bengtsson,C.Hof&R.Oscarsson GroutingfortherescueofstuckTBMinconglomerateboulderlayer 91 H.-J.Liao,S.-J.Weng,C.C.Ho&R.K.N.Wong v TunnellinginUrbanAreasandPileInterceptionChallenges–ACaseStudy:BankStation UpgradeProject(BSCU) 98 A.Nasekhian,C.Anthony,B.Haig,M.Dewhirst,J.Ares&C.Barker Impactsofnewdevelopmentonexistingundergroundassetsusinggreenfieldmodel 108 K.Neaupane&Y.He Cementitioussystemswithcarbonnanomaterialsforundergroundinfrastructure 115 I.Papanikolaou,A.Al-Tabbaa,M.Goisis&T.Embley PipejackingtunnelconstructioncrossingtheBangPakongRiver 123 K.Piriyakul,S.Pochalard&E.Rungrueng NineElmsStationsubstructure–implementationoftheObservationalMethodby progressivemodification 129 NigelPye,C.Lile,AnthonyO’Brien&C.Penh EvaluationofInSARdataformeasuringthesurfacesettlementduringshieldtunnel constructionoftheNorth-SouthLineinAmsterdam 137 K.J.Reinders,F.J.vanLeijen,R.F.Hanssen&M.Korff DeepexcavationsforbuildingsintheSabanaFormationBogota 153 J.A.Rodriguez EPBtunnelingandshaftconstructioninsoftdeltaicdepositsforarailwaylinktoBarcelona airport 145 S.Sánchez,E.Silva,J.Izquierdo,A.Gens&E.Alonso Useofjetgroutedcolumnsfordeepeningofbasementsandunderpinningexistingstructures atValkyrieninOslo 161 T.Sandene,K.Karlsrud&A.Worren SettlementsinducedbyEPBTBMstunneling,acasestudyoftheoreticalandmonitoring values 169 A.Siemińska-Lewandowska&R.Kuszyk Monitoringofanexistingconcrete-linedtunnelatCERNexcavatedinthemolasserock 177 K.Soga,V.DiMurro,L.Pelecanos,C.Kechavarzi,L.Scibile,J.A.Osborne&R.F.Morton Achievingsustainabilityintunnellingthroughinnovation 184 A.H.Thomas Measuredpost-constructiongroundresponsetoEPBMtunnellinginLondonClay 191 M.S.P.Wan,J.R.Standing,D.M.Potts&J.B.Burland GilgelGibeIIHydropowerProjectinEthiopia;TBMTunnelling,whentherockturnsinto mud:Analysisofamajorcollapse,itscausesandsolutions 199 E.Zoppis&A.M.Baldi Modellingandtestingoftunnelsanddeepexcavationsinsoftground Torqueestimationfortunnelboringmachinedesigninsoftground 209 M.Ambrosi,K.B.Glab&W.Broere Variabilityofsoilstress-strainnon-linearityforuseinMSDanalysesevaluatedusing databasesoftriaxialtestsonfine-grainedsoils 217 M.E.W.Beesley&P.J.Vardanega vi AsymmetricpressuredistributioninEPBshields:Evaluationofmeasurementsandnumerical simulations 226 A.Bezuijen,T.S.Dang&G.Meschke PorepressuresinfrontofaslurryTBM,theinfluenceofplasteringmechanisms 234 A.Bezuijen FacepressureandvolumelossrelationshipsforpressurizedtunnelinginGranularsoils 242 S.J.Boone&J.N.Shirlaw AlbertEmbankment:DesignofdeepexcavationsintheRiverThamesforeshore 250 O.Brown,P.Stewart,S.Thomson,B.Patel,A.M.Waller,S.Sismondi&F.Quesada Centrifugeandnumericalmodellingoftheinfluenceofstructuralstiffnessonbasement heaveinover-consolidatedclay 259 D.Y.K.Chan&S.P.G.Madabhushi InfluenceofTBMgeometryonliningloadsofdeeptunnels 266 V.DeGori,A.deLillis&S.Miliziano Developmentofanewexcavationtechniqueforcentrifugetestinginsand 275 N.E.Faustin,R.J.Mair&M.Z.E.B.Elshafie Interpretationofsoilparametersusedfornumericalanalysiswithsmallstrainmodelfor deepexcavationinloosetomediumdensesand 283 H.B.Bin-Chen,P.KhacHai&C.Hung Predictionofdamageintensityofreinforcedconcretetunnelsandsoilagainstblastloading 291 K.Senthil,S.Rupali&L.Pelecanos EPB-TBMtunnelunderinternalpressure:Assessmentofserviceability 300 N.A.Labanda,A.O.Sfriso,D.Tsingas,R.Aradas&M.Martini Ariskassessmentofdowndraginducedbyreconsolidationofclaysafterupwardspipe jacking 309 N.A.Labanda,A.O.Sfriso,D.Tsingas,R.Aradas&M.Martini Small-scalemodellingofpiledrillinginsand–investigationoftheinfluenceonsurrounding ground 317 E.J.Lande,S.Ritter,E.J.Lande,H.Tyvold&S.Nordal Excavationofanartificialtunnelusingcompressedair 325 N.Losacco,M.Cafaro&R.Marazzita Theuseofadaptivesmoothedfinite-elementlimitanalysistoseismicstabilityoftunnels 330 H.C.Nguyen Upperboundanalysisofseismicstabilityoftunnelsusingcell-basedsmoothedfiniteelement 337 H.C.Nguyen Investigationoftheseismicperformanceofthecomplicatedtunnelsectionswith non-uniformheights 343 H.Nitta,S.Ito,T.Otsuka,S.Konishi,K.Tsuno,S.Tsuchiya&K.Maekawa Influenceoftheannulusgroutonthesoil-lininginteractionforEBPtunneling 350 M.Ochmański,G.Modoni&G.Spagnoli vii Longtermadditionalloadonashieldtunnelinsoftclayduetoclayconsolidationwith waterleakage 357 S.Oka,J.Saito,Y.Ito,W.Li,S.Kaneko,A.Afshani&H.Akagi Astudyofastrut-freeexcavationsystemindeepexcavations 365 C.Y.Ou,A.Lim,P.G.Hsieh&S.C.Chien Increasingthepassiveresistanceofdeepexcavationsinverysoftsoilstomitigateground movementsthroughcentrifugemodelling 371 J.P.Panchal&A.M.McNamara Machinelearningalgorithmsappliedtotheblowoutsusceptibilityestimationaround pressurizedcavitiesindrainedsoil 379 F.P.-Ramirez&C.Arson SpecifyingandTestingfibreReinforcedsprayedconcrete:AdvantagesandChallengesof sometestingmethods 385 BenoitDeRivaz Undrainedseismicresponseoftunnels 395 E.A.Sandoval&A.Bobet Preliminaryevidencesontheinfluenceofgrainsmicro-structuralfeaturesontheTBMtools wear 401 D.Sebastiani,S.Miliziano,G.Guida&F.Casini Front-facepressuredropduringthestandstillphaseforEPBmechanizedtunnellingin coarse-grainedsoils 408 D.Sebastiani,S.Miliziano&A.Bezuijen AminiatureEPBTBMforuseinageotechnicalcentrifuge 415 C.J.Shepheard,A.S.N.Alagha,G.M.B.Viggiani&S.K.Haigh Urbantunnellinginglacialsoils:TunneldeChampel,Geneva 421 W.Steiner,T.Witschi&A.Ferrari Simplifiedstress-strainmodelsappliedtodatafromtriaxialandpressuremetertestson LondonClay 430 P.J.Vardanega,M.D.Bolton,S.K.Haigh,R.W.Whittle,A.Klar&M.G.Williamson Proppedcantileverwallstabilitydesignwiththe‘WhatYouDesignIsWhatYouGet’ method–backgroundanddevelopment 438 C.K.S.Yuen Multi-objectiveoptimisationdesignforcompositetunnelliningsusingnon-dominated sortinggeneticalgorithm 444 W.Zhai,D.Chapman,A.Faramarzi,H.Huang&D.Zhang Supportpressuretransferataslurrysupportedtunnelfaceduetotimedependentdecreaseof soilpermeability 451 C.Zhao,Z.Zizka,B.Schoesser,M.Thewes&A.A.Lavasan SEMdeformationpredictionandobservationby3Dnumericalanalysis 459 H.Zheng,M.Mooney,M.Gutierrez&C.Bragard Facestabilityofslurryshield-driventunnelinanaquifer 467 T.Xu,W.H.Zhou&A.Bezuijen viii NumericalanalysisofDouble-O-TubeshieldtunnelinginShanghai 475 D.Zhou&L.Zdravković Physicalmodellingoftransientprocessesattheslurrysupportedtunnelfaceduringshield excavation 482 Z.Zizka,B.Schoesser&M.Thewes Groundmovements,interactionwithexistingstructuresandmitigationmeasures Interactionbetweenanewlyexcavatedundergroundrampanddeepexistingtunnels 491 A.Afshani,G.Hassan,H.Akagi&K.Endou Piledrivinginteractionwithexistingtunnel 501 K.J.Bakker,R.Spruit&F.C.M.vanOverstratenKruijsse Numericalmodellingofframedstructureswithmasonryinfillsaffectedbytunnelling- induceddeformationanddamage 510 D.Boldini,N.Losacco,A.Franza&S.M.Miraei Analyticalinvestigationforthecircumferentialbehavioroftheshield-driventunneladjacent toabracedexcavation 517 H.Z.Cheng,R.P.Chen,H.N.Wu&F.Y.Meng Winklermodelforaxialdeformationofcompressiblepilesduetotunnelling 523 J.J.Crispin Bayesianinferencefordeepexcavations 529 W.J.deWolf,W.J.deWolf,M.Korff,A.vanSeters,&J.H.vanDalen AnundergroundexcavationinBarcelonaanditsinteractionwithexistingstructures 536 A.DiMariano,A.Varga&A.Gens Equivalentframemodelfortheassessmentoftunnel-induceddamagetomasonrybuildings 545 D.B.Gulen,S.Acikgoz&H.J.Burd Useofunderpinning,horizontaljetgroutingandgroundfreezingforgroundstabilizationto controlsettlementofexistingMRTtunnelsduringconstructionofalink-wayandrailway tunnelsforanewmrtlineinSingapore 554 KaoruHashida,TadashiHashimoto,YongKwetYew,RameshNair&JohnBusbridge Tunnelliningbehaviorsofcloseproximitylargediameterparallelshieldtunnels 563 T.Hashimoto,J.Nagaya,M.Isa&K.Fujiwara BoluNATMTunnel,changestothesupportsystemduetosoftgroundconditionsand deformation 569 S.Işık&Z.Buket Useofspileumbrellastoreducedeformation 576 A.Klinger&J.Fillibeck ModifiedgapmethodforpredictionofTBMtunnelling-inducedsoilsettlementinsand-a casestudy 584 B.T.Le,N.T.Nguyen,S.Divall,R.J.Goodey&R.N.Taylor ix