Geosystems Core 1E

517 Pages·2017·144.939 MB·English

by  Robert Christopherson, Stephen Cunha, Cherles Thomsen

Western Hemisphere
80°N
70°N
60°N
W
120°110°W100°W90°W 80°W 70°W 60°W 50°W 543000°°°NNN30°W 20°W 10°W 0° 10°E20°E30°E MDEconeumdfleteippnaolsevseo iit mreM’s ate ogrta eesdoshar oofrrw lodo magthti aces a aoWlt feS etlolasitptteeeoslrgl niTtre aeH,pr earhamny,d ,iA s afpqrlolhu mmear,e e SRr gapaenad dciane Er saSaa hsdtt,ure aatrtmnlned a tic
20°N
Hemisphere of Earth. What indications do you see on these
10°N
images that tell you the time of year? These are part of
0°
NASA’s Blue Marble Next Generation image collection.
10°S
20°S
[NASA images by Reto Stöckli, based on data from NASA and NOAA.]
30°S
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Western Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere
50°N
40°N
30°N
80°N
20°N
70°N
10°N
60°N
120°11W0°W100°W90°W 80°W 70°W 60°W 50°W 543000°°°NNN30°W 20°W 10°W 0° 10°E20°E30°E MDEconeumdfleteippnaolsevseo iit mreM’s ate ogrta eesdoshar oofrrw lodo magthti aces a aoWlt feS etlolasitptteeeoslrgl niTtre aeH,pr earhamny,d ,iA s afpqrlolhu mmear,e e SRr gapaenad dciane Er saSaa hsdtt,ure aatrtmnlned a tic 40°E 50°E 60°E 70°E 80°E E°09 E°0011230000°°°°SSS 110°E 120°E 130°E 140°E 150°E 160°E170°E
20°N
Hemisphere of Earth. What indications do you see on these 40°S
10°N
images that tell you the time of year? These are part of
50°S
0°
NASA’s Blue Marble Next Generation image collection.
60°S
10°S
20°S 70°S
[NASA images by Reto Stöckli, based on data from NASA and NOAA.]
30°S
A00_CHRI4744_01_SE_FEP.indd 3 27/01/16 6:13 pm
A Brief, Visual Approach to Physical Geography
A01_CHRI4744_01_SE_FM.indd 1 28/01/16 4:22 AM
Brief, Modular, & Flexible
Two-page modules present the core concepts of physical
geography. Geosystems Core focuses on a clear, concise, and highly-visual
presentation of the essential science. Instructors can assign these flexible modules in
whatever sequence best suits their course and teaching style. The consistent, focused,
and engaging presentation prevents students from becoming lost in unnecessary detail.
18 What are the properties of our atmosphere? 1 Solar Energy, Seasons, & the Atmosphere 19
1.7 Atmospheric Temperature Stratosphere
K▶ etDeymr aLpweea raar tdnuiiraneg.gra mC oshnocweipntgs a profile of atmospheric structure based on its Tftkrhmhoremo aus ttEg rthaahrotetouh sst’tps rt ahhstueeorr ssfepat rcehaexet.to reTesne’psdm hlsoep frwereore,a mrft rulo i1rmme8si tt–i,on 5w c75ra0°er Camks me(in –w g7(1 i0tt1oh° F t0ao)l° ta3Ci1tt u 1md8ei )
(32°F) at 50 km at the stratosphere’s outer boundary, the
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Thermosphere caused threat to the ozone layer, and how nations have
320 200 worked together to restore the ozone layer.
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Intense solar radiation in this portion of the Temperature Troposphere The normal lapse rate is an average. The actual lapse rate, called the
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measure and feel it.
geoCHECK✔How are temperature and heat
different? 20
Mesosphere –57°C Normal lapse rate Equatorial tropopause 11
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so high in altitude that they still catch sun- 0 0
light after the Sun has set below the horizon. °C: –90 –30 0 15 32 400 800 1200
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▲ 1.19 Temperature profile of the atmosphere
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222 How Does Plate Tectonics Explain Changes in Earth’s Surface? 8 Tectonics, Earthquakes, & Volcanism 223
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Key Learning Concepts which about half are major and
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sides of the Atlantic Ocean and matching fossils, from Africa and South America, formations of the lithosphere, such as warping, folding,
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drift occurred. Most scientists of Wegener’s time rejected the hypothesis, because it changes in Earth’s continental and oceanic lithosphere. http://goo.gl/8XVrzZ http://goo.gl/LNnG80
lacked a mechanism for driving continental movement. (c) Earth today You will learn more about these processes and their (b) Like the seam of a baseball,
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Fao lsasnilds oref pCtyilneognathus, Fao lsasnilds oref pLtyisletrosaurus, TTohdaey, wTe hkneoow rthyat omfo stP olfa Wteege nTere’sc htypoonthiecsiss was correct: Continental ▶te 8c.t1o6n Oicsv eArsv aie rwes uoltf opf lpalatete
AFRICA pieces once did fit together, and they not only migrated to their present loca- tectonics, processes of Earth’s interior,
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M08_CHRI4744_01_SE_C08.indd 222-223 21/01/16 5:52 PM
A01_CHRI4744_01_SE_FM.indd 2 28/01/16 4:22 AM
Mobile-Ready Media Bring Geography to Life
Over 130 videos & animations integrated within the chapters
give readers instant access to visualizations of key physical processes, as well as applied
case studies & virtual explorations of the real world. Readers use mobile devices to scan
Quick Response (QR) links in the book to immediately access media as they read the
chapters. These media are also available in the MasteringGeography Study Area, and can
be assigned with automatically-graded assessments.
Mobile Field Trip
Videos transport
students on adventures
with acclaimed
photographer and
pilot Michael Collier,
in the air and on the
ground, exploring
iconic landscapes of
North America and the
natural and human
forces that have
shaped them.
Project Condor
Quadcopter
Videos take
students out into
the field through
narrated & annotated
quadcopter video
footage, exploring
the physical processes
that have helped
shape North American
landscapes.
A01_CHRI4744_01_SE_FM.indd 3 28/01/16 4:22 AM
GeoLabs: An Integrated Lab Experience
w
GeoLab modules integrate the lab experience directly into the book,
enabling students to get hands-on with data & the applied tools of physical geography without the
need for a separate lab manual. Perfect for lab work, homework, or group work, each GeoLab presents
a context-rich & data-driven lab activity, and includes a QR-linked Pre-Lab Review Video that reviews the
chapter concepts needed for the activity. Associated auto-gradable assessments in MasteringGeography
can be assigned for credit.
GeoLab7 Geosystems Core: GeoLab7 211
Getting to the Core: Reconstructing Past Climates Examine Figure GL7.2. The Vostok ice core or greater) do you detect over the past 13. Interglacial–glacial climate cycles often
is 3310 m (10,860 ft) long. The full record 450,000 years? What is the average time appear saw-toothed, with an abrupt
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decomposing or breaking into small pieces surface. Multiply your result in (a) by plastics compose 90% of the GNPGP. Further-
tO•h abCt jaseilnccuk tlbaitevelo etwhse t htiem oec aenadn dsuisrtfaancec.e it takes Use youttarhr tae etss hhtriea mt trceaao tvareetrs elw scf r(thos ieemcseht i aFmt ihgaaan.t tdeG p. Lba r1at1ibc.ou2vl)a etr,o tt yoapr rei voef mlifanrongomd roe- bf,of a afsfslhsmehidpoo ssra etc( mt8oiv0ioli% tspitell ayos,t f ff wiotsrrhiamtihsnhs gt. ho nerei grteisn)m aataneinds d fdreoerm bcro ism - ▲ G3L01°1.1 Wind60-°driven su90r°face curre12n0°ts and th15e0° Great No180r°th Pacific1 5G0°arbage P12a0°tch 90° 60° 30° 0°
• fGDoeNr ttPerGramsPhin teo tmheo vdeis tinatnoc eth dei fcfeernetnetr toyfp tehse o f d 1et.e rCam anliecnwuel satphteae p hfeoorlw low wmoiuanlndgy :t rkailvoeml beeteforsr eo rd meciolems - 6. Dwofeift thtehirnem wcinoheaic stthhli ena egp yolarfes etsia cas ntbedor tnot lcIene ddaniisa c cwaurordrueeldnd t s GL11.2 EstimaTtyepde Odfe Dcoebmripsosition rates of common mDaercionmep folosittsioanm Rate
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vthaest occirecaunlas’r cgirycruelsa tthioant .f oFirgmu rae mGLa jo1r1 .p1a ratl soof ipniteoc ems iwcroopullads ttiackse, ayte warhs imcho preo itnot etvheen stmu-all 8. tGeirvse (ns eweh faigtu yroeus ahnadv et hleea prnrieodr acbalocuutla tthioisn s, Cotton Shirt 2–5 months
smhaoiwn sb trhane cNhoesr tohf Pthaec ifGicN OPGcePa enx, iwst.h Secreie nthties ttsw o 4. aClolym septuttlee ohno wth me oucceha fnu rftlohoerr. the alu- iysosuuer ,c slausgsgmeastte tsw coo ustldra tfoeglloiews tthhaatt ywoouu aldn d Waxed Carton 3 months
estimate that the upper level of this ocean gyre minum can would travel within the gyre, prevent the GNPGP from expanding. Plywood 1–3 years
cpuerrr henotu fr.lo Twhse adti satna nacvee rbaegtew 3e–e4n kCmal i(f1o.r8n–ia2 .a5n dm i) 5. cWoomuplda rae dp latost aic labrogtetl ec itgoasrseetdte i nbtuot tt.he Wool Sock 1–5 years
JFaigpaunre i sG aLp 1p1ro.2xi mpraetseelyn t8s8 t5h1e kemst i(m55a0te0d m thi)e. Pmaiccirfoicp Olacsteicasn bneefaorr eL ocso mAnpgleetleinsg b are faukl l into Plastic Grocery Bag 10–20 years*
decomposition rates of common marine flotsam circuit around the gyre? To calculate this, Foam Cup 50 years*
fi nofuo nrdma. cai Ctricoounml atptoiun dtgee twtehirtmeh iainnv eeth rtaehg eGe fN onlPuloGmwPb.i nUegrs :eo ft hkiislo - uLTohsesis Aa “ nslegtrneinglegtsh ,t” oC n amoliwfaor rken qtihau,ea tldso i 8sTt8oa3kn4yco ek, m fJrao/p5ma4n 8.9 A Tluinm Cinaunm Cans 25000 yyeeaarrss
mdaeyt e(srsp eoer dm *il e2s4 t hheo ugrysr)e circulates in a mboi rbdeetrw theeen N tohretshe Ptawcoif ilca nOdcmeaans.s eNs otwha ut se Disposable Diaper 450 years*
ttshhtaaert tg imnygree tp r(ioicni nctoltu iednsi ntSigmo utaththeee tdrhnise tC ataonltcifaeol rflneroniamg).t hth oef FPislahsitnicg BLeinveerage Bottle 465000 yyeeaarrss** tVLhoidege ooinn, lainned p coormtiopnle otef tthhies Plaobs,t -vLiaebw Qthuei z tPo. r ec-oLmabp lete
*Items are made from a type of plastic. Although no one has lived for 450 or 600 years, many scientists www.masteringgeography.com
believe plastics never entirely go away. These decomposition rates are estimates for the time it takes for
these items to become microscopic and no longer be visible. Sources: EPA, Woods Hold Sea Grant.
M11_CHRI4744_01_SE_C11.indd 318-319 21/01/16 5:08 PM
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The Human Denominator of Earth Systems
The Human Denominator concludes each chapter, explicitly focusing on
human-Earth relationships in physical geography & Earth systems science. These
highly-visual features include maps, aerial imagery, photos of real-world applications,
and a brief overview of current & potential future issues.
human
THE DENOMINATOR 11 Oceans, Coasts, & Dunes
COASTAL SYSTEMS IMPACT HUMANS HUMANS IMPACT COASTAL SYSTEMS
• Rising sea level has the potential to inundate coastal communities. • Rising ocean temperatures, pollution, and ocean acidification
• Tsunami cause damage and loss of life along vulnerable coastlines. impact corals and reef ecosystems.
• Coastal erosion changes coastal landscapes, affecting developed • Human development drains and fills coastal wetlands and
areas; human development on depositional features such as barrier mangrove swamps, thereby removing their buffering effect
island chains is at risk from storms, especially hurricanes. during storms.
11b
11a A cargo vessel ran aground
on Nightingale Island,
Tristan da Cunha, in the Dredgers pump sand through
South Atlantic in 2011, a hose to replenish beaches on
spilling an estimated 1500 Spain’s Mediterranean coast, a
tons of fuel, spilling tons popular tourist destination. Near
of soybeans, and coating Barcelona, pictured here, sand
endangered Northern is frequently eroded during
Rockhopper penguins storms; natural replenishment is
with oil. limited by structures that block
longshore currents.
11d GGrraanndd FFaallllss DDuunnee FFiieelldd
MMiiggrraattiioonn 11995533 -- 22001100
11c
ISSUES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
• Degradation and loss of coastal ecosystems—
On Navajo Nation lands in the U.S Southwest, wetlands, corals, mangroves—will continue with
dune migration is threatening houses and coastal development and climate change.
transportation, and affecting human health. The
Grand Falls dune field in northeast Arizona grew • Continued building on vulnerable coastal
70% in areal extent from 1997 to 2007. The landforms will necessitate expensive recovery Mangrove planting: In Aceh, Indonesia, near the
increasingly dry climate of this region has site of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, authorities
accelerated dune migration and reactivated efforts, especially as storm systems become more encourage local people to plant mangroves for
inactive dunes. intense with climate change. protection against future tsunami.
Looking Ahead
In the next chapter we examine glacial and periglacial landscapes. We will investigate
how glacial formation and movement sculpts the land and leaves behind many distinc-
tive landforms. Changes in the Earth’s total mass of glacial ice is also important evidence
used to monitor our changing climate.
M11_CHRI4744_01_SE_C11.indd 314 04/02/16 6:58 PM
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Tools for Structured Learning
w
Key Concepts
organize chapter
modules around the
What tools do geographers use? Introduction to Physical Geography I-21
I-20
big picture questions
of physical geography.
Modern Geoscience Tools
I.6
Today, sites such as Google Maps and Bing Maps show us detailed imagery, often ▼ I.29 Active remote sensing LIDAR is used to
What tools do geographers use?
I-20 in simulated three-dimensions, of any location in the world. Urthecast (www.urthe- produce canopy or bare ground maps.
Key Learning
cast.com) is Kneowy Lberoaardnciansgti nCgo nnecaer pretasl-time views of Earth from cameras on the GPS receivers are built into many smartphones and
Modern GeoscieConncceep tTs opreoselnst
I.6 Internationa▶l S Epxapclea Sinta htioown .geographers use the Global Positioning System, remote motor vInethriocldeus.c Ttihoen GtoP SP ihsy ussiceaful lG feoor gmraanpyh yco mI-m23ercial
the key information
and scientific applications. GPS receivers have been at-
Active Remotes eSnesninsgin, gge oAg sryasptheimc i nthfoartm daitrieocnt ss yesnteemrgsy, aatn ad sguerofvaicseu aalnizdat iaonnasl.yzes the en-
and skills that students tached to sharks and whales to track them in real time
Key Learning Concepts need to master in ergGy PreSt urercneeidve frrso amre t hbeu islut rifnatcoe mis arneyfe srmredar ttop haos naecsti vaen dre mote sensing. Taking pictures to stud Iyn ttrhoediru mctiigorna ttioon P phaytstiecranls G. Aeiorglirnaeps hayn d Is-h2i3pping
wGitheo av fislausahl iizna tai odnar kGeenoevdis uroaloizmat iiosn a n example of active remote sensing. Another ex-
▶ Explain how geographers use the Global ePaocshiti omnoindgu Slyes,t eamnd, r eamlsoot e motor vehGicles. eToheg rGaPpSh ies russ eufusel fao rn muamnyb ceorm omf nerecwial and evolving technolo- companies use GPS to track their vehicles, improving fuel
amrepfelers i sto s othnea rd, iwsphliacyh ohfa gse boegernap uhsiecd to map the ocean floor. A sonar unit emits bursts
and scientific applications. GPS receivers have been at-
sensing, geographic information systems,p arnodv igdeeo vtihsuea loizragtiaonnisz.ing efficiency and on-time performance.
structure for the taocGfih nseeofooduvr nitmsodu a saathilnoiazdrnak ,mt sgoi oaeifantenessd nu G t wrroeeehos m vaatihlnoseuetsaaei rltl- yiosrzeez atntertuias oircannnkn g. t dAh nemmota hipner r Eteeaaclrh ttnhimo—leo tghy eis G LIlDobAaRl ( Pligohsti tainodn riandga r), GCGCaaoommvveepprrnnmmeenntt 00::1155
Geographers use a number of newMit eaamnst deli rbeinrvagorGylv eoiofng gr atpehchy nolo- tcowcoari mdGhnsertsafifoupec.ot ohadraLrs gnm yIc uDlt ioetoseahAm es tSsMteis Ryhuoyb ipa sresnsci ptuen tma,de selneGos imimdas egfdPpnt srwesiS aldfon( a tfi( tyGifte GoGor h rveo eonP timIofnrso SS apitgtgobh)c)iaelaktl,e.etoee tt r rGetg- e Elhsed rribaePangmearnephitsStrtas.hhtow i..vAu n i taeeLciegsreh rIe elDnisi csn eAtl eehnsRssaes ,u a tifiennnimrldisgltpt is, srt phoceauaivsnpnli sndtp eobgi snge frp geume roteouolg rvurninaedtpdee,hd up iicsnru e iaancilirlfyscoer oar fflm00tfo:: 11atca00hnatedit ohi ooningn h se.s t geoCHECK00✔::1100GGooWavv eelhorrnnycmm aeeanntritteo na t00u ::l11se55inasgt GthPrSe?e satellites n00e::22e00ded to find
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or near the surface of Earth. A GPS receiver receives radio signals from imagetrhya th aa 1sG0 tIr0Sa cnb✔oismlfloiborimnneteshd.s Eoafr ath s eocbosnerdv,a wtiohnic.h T oisd uayse, dyo tuo hsyanvec hronize communications Minor roads
the satellites and calculates the distance between the receiver and each geoCHECK Describe the two government intelligenc1e:1 s5ervMiceusd. fRloemw otrtae vseeln tsiimneg can be
free access tsoys hteigmhs-,q eulaelcittryi craelm pootwe-esre ngsriindgs, iamnadg feirnya, nthcrioalu nghet works. Market plaza
satellite. By using signals from at least four satellites, precise locations types of information ▲ I.32 Lahar hazard zones and arrival times fdoirv Midetd. Hinotoo dpassive and activ(heo ruemrs:omtein-suetnessi)ng systems.
servictehsa ts ua cGhI Sa sc oGmoboingeles. Maps, that in the past would have
are possible (▼ Fig. I.27). GPS units also repGorte toheQ tiumiez, zacecsur ate to beeng euonQavUa▼IiZ lIa.2b7le ,U esxitnregm sealtye ellxipteesn stiov ed, eotre rremstFrioincretee sdlto tcoa tion through GPS Passive Remote Sensing Systems of passive remote-sensing
100 billionths of a second, which is used to csoynncchlurodnei ezea ccho mmmodunuileca, tions govern1.m Eexnptl aiinnt aetl lliegaesnt ctwe os ewrvaiycse yso. uR ehmavoe tbee s▲ne eIn.f3ist2iend gL f racohamna rtbh hee a GzPaSr.d zones and arrival times forerc Mortd. eHnoeorgdy radiated from a surface, especially visible light
systems, electrical power grids, and financialg niveitnwgo rsktus.dents a divigdee2od.Q i WnUthIoaZ tp tayspseisv eo fa rnemd oatcet-isveen rseinmg odtaet-as eh2na vs eiTn hygeo u siy nssteteeernms etsoc.dtiaoyn? ionf tthhee p ast week? and hReaets i(d▼e Fnitgi.a lI.28). Our eyes are passive remote sensors.
locations frInodmiv GidPuSa sla ttreelelistes Weather satellites are passive remote sensing systems with
▼ I.27 Using satellites to determine locaticuohnnad tnehcrresot tauong dchhi nGegcPk bS tehfeoirre rPeacsVsouserri12gdfv3a..e e. ec t E WenRa Dfxo etehoeplirlmsaoolfgact wnysi rontil ib1tyiro tndhapae eng tee deG t Ssl dhiePl aeoaoeaSttn fsce ca tasrsdr aetlitiat wnmitfeyoergoreoonli arl twm is eSotf:-ae oynsp y rase #r st tnao es1hy spumG oiefneruIi rfgsSnt a hydoudc asespfav e,tap edaer a c bshtsepoeas#lsne iv1f,vceei n zeif aaiyod tnrolen eladudiymn p sf#gvraeo2 oirelstac mniegyeb - ieltst lvorohee,ed f nefs lal li soaGtyginow?nhPdd Sgtion p . t loltaoh ibnceua lpiatldiayose atnr , ws np.eerweokt e?sucbteddiv wiseiotnla nudsisn lga ytehwre. hich yogruo aurpes probably familiar. Beginning in the 1970s, the
surface of a sphere. Landsat series of satellites began recording images of Earth
2 The intersectmioonv oinf gth oe n to the next and h3e. a Dt e(▼sc Friibge. tIh.2e8 c)r.it Oeriuar f oery eas G aIrSe u pseads stiov efi nredm a optaer cseel nosfo larns.d to build a new subdivision using thwe ith sensors that captured visible light, as well as other
locations from mGPoSd sualtee.llites Weatherf oslalotewlilnitge sd aatrae lpayaesrssi:v per roepmerotyt ep asercneslsi,n zgo snyinstge mlayse rw, filtoho dplain layer, protected wetlands layer.
1 GPS satellite #1 finds wavelengths useful in studying agriculture, forestry, geology,
#1 and #2 gives two locations. wh▼ic Ih.3 y3o Gu oaroeg plero Ebaarbtlhy fuasmedili ator. Btreagcinkn tihneg rine ttrheea 1t 9o7f0 tsh, teh Jea cobshavn glacier, Greenland
the location on the regional planning, mapping, and global change research.
Agricultural
surface of a sphere. Landsat series of satellites began recording images of SEaatrethll ite #2 Scientists can observe different phenomentae wrriatche ssensors
wi▼th I. 3se3n sGoorso tghlaet Ecaaprttuhr euds evdis itbol et rliagchkt ,t ahse w reeltl raesa ott hoef rt he Jacobshavn glacier, Greenlantdhat detect different wavelengths of energy. This allows them
wavelengths useful in studying agriculture, forestry, geology,
(a) First return shows top of vegetation to compare healthy vegetation and distressed vegetation or a
regional planninSag,t emlliatpep #i1ng, and global change research. find outcroppings of a particular rock formation.
Satellite #2 ScientisHtse acadn o ofbserve different phenomena with sensors
Head of Oso slide
that pdreetveicotu dsi fsfleidreent wavelengths of energy. This allows them ▼ I.28 Passive remote sensing Image from October 15, 2015, showing
to compare healthy vegetation and distressed vegetation or a muddy stream runoff from heavy rains in South Carolina interacting with ocean
Satellite #1 find outcroppings of a particular rock formation. currents.
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(b) LIDAR mapping of the lost city of Caracol hidden
▼ I.28 Passive remote sensing Image from October 15, 2015, showing below the rain forest canopy in Central America.
muddy stream runoff from heavy rains in South Carolina interacting with ocean
currents. Body of Oso slide
Satellite #3
Roads3 GPS satellite
Storm runoff
#3 finds the
entering ocean
correct location.
Satellite #3 (b) Bare ground return shows ground under vegetation
3 GPS satellite
Storm runoff
#3 finds the
entering ocean
correct location.
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Critical Thinking, Review, & Spatial Analysis
Chapter Review includes a module-by-module summary with integrated Review
questions, Critical Thinking exercises, Visual Analysis activities, Interactive Mapping
activities using MapMaster, and Explore activities using Google Earth.
Chapter 7 Review 209
Visual Analysis Muir Glacier 1941 Muir Glacier 2004
Glaciers in Alaska have been retreating
dramatically due to warming temperatures.
The Muir Glacier is a good example of this.
1. Examine the two photographs and
describe the changes observed.
2. What are two examples visible in the
photographs that show how much
conditions have changed from 1941
to 2004? (a) (b)
▲ R7.1 Muir Glacier (a) 1941 and (b) 2004.
Interactive Mapping Login to the MasteringGeography
Study Area to access MapMaster.
Climate Change
Earth’s climate is changing, but not all locations will change for the land in the Southern Hemisphere? What is the
equally. Some locations will change much more than others. projected change for the Hawaiian Islands? For your home
• Open MapMaster in MasteringGeographyTM. town?
• Select Global Surface Warming Worst Case Projections from the 2. Describe the pattern of projected change, as a function
Physical Environment menu. Explore the sublayers of different of latitude and continentality. What are the characteristics
temperature change projections. of the locations with the highest amount of projected
1. What is the largest projected change for the land in the change? Locations with the lowest amount of projected
Northern Hemisphere? What is the largest projected change change?
Explore Earth Use Google Earth to explore
the Glaciers of Alaska.
Over 95% of glaciers are in retreat worldwide. Glaciers in Alaska
are no exception. Search for the Columbia Glacier, Alaska. Zoom
in until you can see where the end of the glacier meets the sea.
Use the Add Path tool to trace the outline of the end of the glacier.
Turn on Historical Imagery (the clock button), and go back to
11/27/2007. Use the Add Path tool again to draw the outline of the
end of the glacier.
1. Use the Show Ruler tool to measure the retreat from 2007 to
2013 at several places. What is the maximum and minimum
retreat?
2. How many miles or kilometers per year has the glacier been
retreating?
3. If the glacier continues to retreat at this rate, how long until
the retreat equals your daily commute to school?
▶ R7.2
Looking for additional review and test prep materials? Visit the MapMaster™ interactive maps, videos, Mobile Field Trips,
Study Area in MasteringGeography™ to enhance your geographic Project Condor Quadcopter Videos, In the News RSS feeds,
literacy, spatial reasoning skills, and understanding of this flashcards, web links, self-study quizzes, and an eText version
chapter’s content by accessing a variety of resources, including of Geosystems Core.
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