Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography

694 Pages·2017·161.635 MB·English

by  Robert W. Christopherson, Ginger Birkeland

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ISBN-13: 978-0-134-59711-9
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9 780134 597119
Chri7119_10_fullcvr.indd 1 05/12/16 9:39 PM
Lake Baikal,
Russia
What processes are
at work in this image?
ATMOSPHERE
Winter brings freezing temperatures, low
Sun angle, and short days at 52° N latitude.
Solar energy drives
atmospheric heating
and cooling.
Freeze–thaw action
causes weathering of the LITHOSPHERE
rock surface. For 25 million years, two vast slabs of
Earth's crust have slowly pulled apart
along the deep rift zone occupied by the
lake. Lake bottom sediments, thousands of HYDROSPHERE
feet thick, contain clues to past climates. The lake's large size moderates local
Icicles, formed as waves temperatures. Ice covers the lake for
wash ashore and freeze, 4 to 5 months each year.
show the change of
liquid water to solid ice.
BIOSPHERE
Over 80% of the lake's plants and animals occur nowhere
else in the world. Many are adapted to life on and under
the lake ice, from microscopic phytoplankton, to fish, to
the Baikal seal.
Lake ice expands and contracts with changing
temperature, causing cracks and ridges.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
Lake Baikal's surface water temperature has increased over recent decades. Ice now forms later
in the fall and breaks up earlier in the spring, and average ice thickness has decreased. These
and other changes related to human activities affect living organisms and all Earth systems.
This outcrop juts from an island in Russia’s Lake Baikal—the world's deepest
lake and the largest by volume. In this photograph, a geographer can see
evidence of the forces that shaped the landscape linked to Earth's four immense
open systems: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.
CHRI7119_10_SE_IFC.indd 36 22/11/16 10:46 AM
Western Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
50°N
40°N
30°N
20°N
10°N
40°E 50°E 60°E 70°E 80°E E°09 12E°00100°°0SS° 110°E 120°E 130°E 140°E 150°E 160°E170°E
30°S
40°S
50°S
60°S
70°S
80°N
70°N
60°N
W
120°110°W100°W90°W 80°W 70°W 60°W 50°W 45320000°°°°NNNN 30°W 20°W 10°W 0° 10°E20°E30°E
10°N
0°
10°S
20°S
30°S
Multiple images from satellites Terra,
Aqua, Radarsat, and Defense Meteorological
Satellite, and from Space Shuttle Endeavor’s radar
data of topography, all merge in a dramatic composite
to show the Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere
of Earth. What indications do you see on these images that
tell you the time of year? These are part of NASA’s Blue Marble
Next Generation image collection.
[NASA images by Reto Stöckli, based on data from NASA and NOAA.]
CHRI7119_10_SE_IFC.indd 37 22/11/16 10:46 AM
The Authoritative Introduction
to Physical Geography with
New Real-World Applications
A00_CHRI7119_10_SE_WALK.indd 1 02/12/16 5:23 AM
250 Geosystems
The climate where you live may be humid with dis- on Earth. Simply combining the two principal climatic
tinct seasons, or dry with consistent warmth, or components—temperature and precipitation—reveals
moist and cool—almost any combination is pos- general climate types, sometimes called climate regimes,
sible. Climate is the collective pattern of weather over such as tropical deserts (hot and dry), polar ice sheets
many years. As we have seen, Earth experiences an (cold and dry), and equatorial rain forests (hot and wet).
almost infinite variety of weather at any given time or Figure 9.2 maps the worldwide distribution of pre-
place. But if we consider a longer time scale, and the cipitation. These patterns reflect the interplay of numer-
variability and extremes of weather over such a time ous factors that should now be familiar to you, including
scale, a pattern emerges that constitutes climate. For a temperature and pressure distributions; air mass types;
given region, this pattern is dynamic rather than static; convergent, convectional, orographic, and frontal lifting
that is, climate changes over time (we examine this in mechanisms; and the general energy availability that de-
Chapter 10). creases toward the poles. The principal components of
Climatology is the study of climate and its variabil- Earth’s climate system are summarized in Geosystems in
ity, including long-term weather patterns over time (at Action 9.
least 30 years) and space and the controls (causal factors)
that produce Earth’s diverse climatic conditions. No two
places on Earth’s surface experience exactly the same Classifying Earth’s Climates
climatic conditions; in fact, Earth is a vast collection of
microclimates. However, broad similarities among local Classification is the ordering or grouping of data or
climates permit their grouping into climatic regions, phenomena into categories of varying generality. Such
which are areas with similarity in weather statistics. generalizations are important organizational tools in
RTaroede sahyi, ftthineg ac alism teamtep dleersaitgu-nraesti orWinsse wovee srt uthdey goilno bthe,i sw cihtrha pftaerr-l ssdcisi eonfc cel aim nda taiPcr er eegsipoenchsi.a lOlyb suesreyvfeudl fpoart sttheren ssp caiotinafli cnaenda lyto-a l Geography
ranging effects on human societies and natural ecosys- specific regions are at the core of climate classifica-
tems (Figure 9.1). tion. When using classifications, we must remember
that the boundaries of these regions are transition
zones, or areas of gradual change. The placement of
climate boundaries depends on overall climate pat-
Review of Earth’s Climate terns rather than precise locations where classifica-
System tions change.
Climate classifications based on temperature and
Several important components of the energy–atmosphere precipitation are examples of the empirical approach,
system work together to determine climatic conditions in which scientists use real-world observations and
everydaygeosystems
NEW! Everyday Geosystems
Carried by the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopcitus mos- features at the beginning of each
quitoes, viruses are spreading into new areas as climatic
conditions change. Transmitted by both species, the Zika virus
has spread rapidly through South America, Central America, the chapter invite the reader to explore
Caribbean, and into the United States. The estimated U.S. ranges
otof balol tbhu mt 1o0sq sutaittoe ss.p Deceinegs uined fiecvaeter itsh sep preoatdenintgia lt hforor uZgikha t thoe smproevaed- the “why” and “how” application
ment of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes into previously unaffected
parts of India and into Nepal and Bhutan. In the United States, of physical geography concepts to
dengue is still uncommon, but reported cases are rising.
AedeAse adeegs yapetgiypti everyday phenomena.
▶Figure 9.1
Estimated ranges
of Zika-carrying
mosquitos in the
United States,
2016. [Photo: Nigel
Caitlin/Alamy; Map:
CDC Vital Signs, www. AAeeddeess aallbbooppiiccttuuss
cdc.gov/vitalsigns/zika.] AAeeddeess aaeeggyyppttii
Hawaii Hawaii
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico
M09_CHRI7119_10_SE_C09.indd 250 09/11/16 11:33 AM
NEW! Mobile Field Trips
by acclaimed geoscientist,
photographer, and pilot Michael
Collier transport students out into
the field to explore the patterns
and processes of North America’s
physical geography.
NEW! Condor Quadcopter
Videos capture stunning footage
of the Mountain West region
with a quadcopter and a GoPro
camera. Annotation, sketching,
and narrations help students
learn about monoclines, streams,
terraces, and much more.
UPDATED! Systems
INPUTS ACTIONS OUTPUTS
(cid:127) Solar energy to Earth (cid:127) Heat transfer (cid:127) Global temperatures Diagrams on all
(cid:127) Earth’s atmosphere (cid:127) Atmosphere and surface (cid:127) Wind and ocean
part-opener and chapter-
energy balance currents
opener pages emphasize
the interactions and flow
HUMAN–EARTH CONNECTIONS of Earth systems’ concepts
(cid:127) Ozone depletion
relative to each part and
(cid:127) Air pollution
(cid:127) Climate change chapter. These pages now
(cid:127) Urban heat island effects include questions that
(cid:127) Solar and wind power
make readers reflect on
Question:
Standing outside on a sunny day with a light the topics they are about
wind and moderate temperatures, what are the to explore within their
energy inputs and actions that produce what
you are experiencing? real-world context.
A00_CHRI7119_10_SE_WALK.indd 2 02/12/16 5:23 AM
Applying the Tools & Practices of Science
Chapter 1 Essentials of Geography 33
102 Geosystems 8. What is map scale? In what three ways may it be
Define cartography and mapping basics: map scale and expressed on a map?
map projections. 9. What does a contour line represent on a topographic
A map (p. 22), is a generalized depiction of the layout of 38°(m10ap0?°) 38°(100°)
aJn arFea, uMsuallyA somMe porJtion oJf EarAth’s sSurfacOe, asN seen D J F M A M J J A S O N D
from above and greatly reduced in size. Cartography
(p. 22), is the scienMcea xaimnudm a arvt eorafg em taepmmpearkaitnurge. Digital D3e2s°c(9ri0b°e) three geoscience tools—the Global Positioning 32°(90°)
cartography, (p. 22) or digital mapping, refers to data System (GPS), remote sensing, and geographic informa-
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–7°(20°) G–e7°o(20°s)patial analysis
Chapter 5 A–1t2m°(o10s°p)heric and Oceanic Circulations 141 Rec–e1n2t° (V1o0°lc)anic Activity
The Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program and the USGS report 2. What are the key features for this type of volcano?
GJ eFOMSpAaTMiaJL aJnAalSysOisN D –18°(0°) J F M A M J J A S O N Dnsoerwie sa– nto1d 8aclh°ear(tn0 ga°iinr)cgr avfot ldcaonwicn wacintidv itfryo wmo vrlodlwcaidneic. NerOupAtAio insss.ues Volcanic Ash Advi- 3. Issp tohti?s Evoxplclaanino. located near a tectonic plate boundary or hot
StCaittiiozenn: SScaine nFcraencisco, California 0 1000 MILES Station: Wichita, Kansas Activities 4. Click on “Archive.” Click on this volcano, and summarize its
LaCitti/zleonsn coglle: c3tin7g °h ig4h6 q¿u aNlity 1da2ta2 c°a n2 m3a¿k eW a big contribution to the science 2. What is the precipitation total for theL waete/kl?o Inf agp:p 3lic7ab°l e3, 9ho¿ wN 97° 25¿ W Go to the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report page at http://volcano.si.edu/reports eruptive history.
Avcogm.m aunnityn. T.h teseem dapta .a: re1 u4s.e6d °bCy s c(i5en8tis.t3s °toF f)ill in gaps in the data and 0 m1a0n0y0 i nKcILhOesM oEfT sEnRoSw? Avg. ann. temp.: 13.7°C (56.6°F) _weekly.cfm. Go to the Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) page at: http://www.ssd.noaa
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1. During the last seven days, how many days had precipitation of snow?
reports?
Chapter 7 Weather 209
Looking for additional review and test prep materials? Visit the Study Area in MasteringGeography™ to enhance your geographic Looking for additional review and test prep materials? Visit the Study Area in MasteringGeography™ to enhance your geographic
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web links, self-study quizzes, and an eText version of Geosystems. web links, self-study quizzes, and an eText version of Geosystems.
each chapter give students a chance to practice basic
conceptual or quantitative reasoning as they read.
▲Figure 4.27 Marine and continental cities—United States. Compare temperatures in coastal San Francisco, California, with those of DD
M01_CcHoRIn71t19in_1e0_nSEt_aCl0 1W.indidc h 33ita, Kansas. [Bobbé Christopherson.] 24/11/16 11:42 AM ◀Figure 7.1.2 Octo- hurricanes, 9 of which were cateEEgory 3 or
Oct 1 2015 ber 2015 El Niño in higher (see a map at http://earthobservatory
the central and east- .nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=87092).
Examples of Marine and Continental Tempera-
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1. Using the graphs in Figure 4.27, determine the lowest mini- effect, o1c.c uUrssin ga ltohne gfi gcuoreass itnl itnheiss c hoarp toenr a si sal agnuiddes,. idTehneti fyc othnet ife-a- heights indicate AA ever, three tropical cyclones at category 3 or
between the Pacific and Central Valley, enoumWguichmh i teaalv.e eEcrxatpgrlaieci nmit tyoh ent todhi lfypfe toreewmncpeeer b ra1ett5uw,r0eees0 nf0 othr heS oatwnm oFe r taesnm cpisecroa taunreds .The econgnreoenmattaeiclr earfnafndectCg ustehor, oe cobso iresta hetlcw a abotm eneceoondnrnerige tfims icoptisronaq nxf uordieom f,w macuirto êhmnt ee t,aia chnnhoMed r1ln2ne _t,tCm taHeeRlrirI7ri n1aot1y9tin_im,1c 0t,_rh uSmeEe_mf eCpe1d2 hr.iitnsaode ldt mto m 3o.7 o9p (Htrehairnien-t e: , w(waarrmme wr taetmerp eexrpataunrdess, hInigtehrenra toicocnuarlr eDda taetl inthee ( Fsaigmuer teim 7e.1 e.a3s)t. 3o0/1f1 /1t6h 1e2:5 9 PM
peaking in intensity from April to October, in2 .w Weshtye drnoe Ns Seawn FYroanrkci.s cIon’ sn aevaerrabgye Cmloenvtehllay ntedm, peratuures ing winda rteusroeus rocens balaortetehr an la um mdoraeairilnoyeu , sat.en rWdm iinata hly meaorralyin eb, acsreivsa stsheas,t poiecdcmuorns t ignla - causing sea level to in- In the West Pacific region, where the El
which happens to match peak electrical Ohiop,e aak p orcocupro lasetedr ion ftfhseh sourmem werin thda np rtohajet cotf Wini chita?all costs conarseidaes rtehda,t wacriineer d,i na enlnda nevradgl lefyry o igsml acc htieher.ae) poecre an or distant from other crease). White indicates Niño pattern caFFuses slightly reduced SSTs,
dsihnuaegmsm Wimmna nioen3drrd9 esm iUftnooh.sSrant .anat hls ilrdtas a.tcotioouennbs dsl(e Fiat iitrgohenue ci rnwuegr ir5 ned.dnu2 tre.li2ynn )eg.o r Tpgteheyxre aa hst- ot LppGa3lrelok.o tjeeeDatb udncEerast trekei i lnie rr naam W n2n iniNdgn0c ieeoW1nl, ur 8taihdtcd—nheh-ed iatPA stawn ho.msn heWiuwyx ea?f hrlti eiriutccsehrratmb .lSfopirncteeaerasatsihtto uutwnroe sah brata esen rt g hcweeos mi lnfaord-gr eVre trekmhopyetHmwf-ahraoecea-wilnnlli ttaeoaisevil l es,hd rcaa,e onbwgalfNdiraotlia, na rr tdlgntndra aeaa ifTtp natrtiwhiaut,oso ugemrawana2d mtn lie.mee fs dgrerrs,Db o o a inbcABoaioWmnstloal..ena, alt dusnu ih at lclcsitiasniloheehneytnd?isnrseis d. at E sgntasf txe.lcorue,a pm olR cmcleKaimteleapiehnaesrrae .ene aipenrrspas aonegppartw cvDCe soueahia,..wrer fsr oef br tee nsoorc -.thto hsaf v ae(SF ta ai gapnpuo sprFietrriv oaEFe4.x.n .oic2mri 7nsa)ec.tg oeIa,ln tyiCv eS3a mal7in°a- ss [ctbinOholudSueTeir ctwM eaasat ▲[nyJPera. dm AFost ifo.hmg e LnJeuasP–awt Lr2c ge/rwoN ee imWnlAandctSaeteIea,OAg sLr e.t L; ]1 . C 7 /A.1la mEyr.o]stuaceihoorlsieenunna aagtnslil n.u fl ooeeHmfann otbsgtuwtaeerolerre r sl voamd oenfisfs rd t, ta rfa walompnrpiictannihecsedessa sg erlo l spcaev,cyua eiscassrolht towi ,eot nahdnaewa.t stet ah rwsy est a oftfsrroroe mnrnmmosg tattt hhrutai-enov -n-
capacity of any other state. On December and Benefits has linked bat and bird fatalities—including ened to greater intensity. In all, 15 typhoons
20, 2015, wind provided 45% of the state’s federally protected Golden Eagles—to colli-
Wind power capacity continues to rise reached category 3 or higher, tying records
electricity for over 15 consecutive hours—an sions with wind turbines. Other challenges
worldwide, growing about 16% each set in 1958 and 1965.
important milestone. During this time, natM-04_CHRI7119_10_SE_C04.indd 102 of wind-generated power are the high 07/11/16 11:36 AM
year. In Europe, wind fulfills over 15% of
ural gas plants adjusted their production to initial financial investment required to build 1. What conditions in the eastern Pacific
total energy needs. Wind energy comes ther by rising sea level or by changes in the elevation of on the ground as till, usually marking the glacier’s former
offset the rise in wind energy production. froNmE inWstall!at iAonsp inp ovleyr 8 0C coounntrciees, pts ftehea tutrbuinrese ansdSt, hte hepae cs aocuoarrssftatta c oloe fr ebhfgeu iiiotgldnhhi.nt Aega ln tlor taamelnoasxn-lygt (t’mhse m hg)laaclialtmed acorakst oFf oAlcasukas, margins (Figure 17.16). combined to help Patricia develop into a
Although most U.S. wind power is land- including Ethiopia, home to sub-Saharan mission lines to breritnrega teilnegc trailcpitiyn efr ogmla criuerrasl are opening many new fjords The deposition of gclaatceigaol rsye 5d ihmuerrnict aanles?o produces
based, offshore wind development also has AfSritcau’sd fiirest sc,o mamreerc aialc wtiinvde fa rlme aburilnt ing twainsdk fas–r m1a8s0n tod u– r1tbsh2aha0nt o lporrc–eat6vt0 iiaoouncssl.tyi 0vwietriee 6bs0l otckheda1 2tb0 yc oic1em8. 0Cpoaestll isntesu wdiethn tsa class of landform 2ca. lleBda sea dm oonr waihnaet, ywouh ilceha rnmeady i nt aCkhea pter 5,
high potential. At least 10 offshore projects int 2o01 3r.e Oflveeracllt, Cohinna thhase th ein hifgohersmt ation1. tWhhey yis whinad vnpooetwa belrle ea a frejronrnedwse aidbnlec lfruerdsooeu mtrhceo? ste hoef Nseor wraiyc h(Fi gcuares e17 .s15t)u, diseevse.ral forms. In areas tehxapt lahianv heo uwn Edle Nrgiñoon ea fafelpctiende tghlea -number
are currently under consideration, most of installed wind capacity, with the United Chile, the South Island of New Zealand, Alaska, and Brit- ciations, lateral morainanesd satrreen glethn gotfh tyr orpiidcagle csy colof nteisl li n the
them on the East Coast. States second, followed by Germany and 2.t hDe epsrcervibioeu as nre iecsxohar mdC ooplflue 2m o3bf. ihTawo.wen wtyi-nfdiv e of the along each side of a glacAitelra.n Itfi ct wanod gPlaacciifeicr sb awsiinths ilna t2e0r1al5 .
In addition to reducing the use of fossil India. 30p boewcearm cea nc abteengeofrFiytj o4lor dcoasr l 5 ea cslstooonr omomcs,ci euescr.l ipasloinngg the edges of Earth’s ice moraines join, a medial moraine may form (see Figure
fuels, wind energy development benefits the previous reschoeredt so.f I1n8 G sreet einn l2a0n0d4, .rising water temperatures in some GIA 17.1). In areas that were formerly covered by single,
local economies. On the eastern shore The 2015 soeaf stohne slaowng deisstt infjcotr dco snytrsatestms s in theA wPoPrLldY capopnecare tpo tbse Refelrarirngge tioc et hseh emeatsp, ilna tFeirgaulr em 7o.1ra.1inb easn adn tdh em cehdaipatle rm’so sreacintieosn s “Storm
of Lake Erie, a former steel town recently between the Aatclacnetliecr aatnidn ge amste lPta rcaiftiecs b washinesr.e the gDleavceielorps mmeenett” t ahned s e“aP.h ysicaarl eS tlrauccktiunreg,.” explain key events in the life cycle of Hurricane Patricia.
used wind power to lift itself out of an appLYconcepts Determine the suitability of wTihned Apotlawnetric i nb ayInsoi unAr h nsattadart bcet,e ilbcoaaw,s e rnedoc oermnn taw ul ihsneud ro -f ice-peneOtrcattoinbge rr a2d3a, ra itdmeonstpi-heric Ean.d H mowor adiidn ePsa tarcicciuam’s u8l7a2te m abt tphree sgsluarcei e ro’sn tOecrmtoibneurs 2, 3
eStceoenl ommililc w daesp rceosnstioamn.i nTahtee dB ewthitlheh inemdu s- sPpoeweedr ”(s).e eW Friigteu rae s5e.n2t.e1n) caen dsu smitem-sapriezcinifgic ycoounrd sittaiotne’ssr4 i( ocdoavefnes wrecar hailblic cwethidvi n biitdney ,cpfia “awinrCoemediwdotaieh ncle n dahre1 utix1uptimint rootergrtienncoe rsatpnot nhiftiucnoieaasar st lt l .. Whf stTjethohoi nrepirds dma sp ps srtab,.e teostneenrnelnyat thic eth esh pAerenetts aswrucratesi cr esimacdeai lnlsgehre eitn, ottihrne ee ngnldtaapcl-oiaseifcrnf’aestl, ce fata ngrtltdhah ecea isrsaettt o ieaorxsmnste.o’ nscE tiir anoitstdee aden d stw eidtriyetm?hb iErbnixsoap ttlhlh am aiantlo .pirsian idenr eoa np(Fdpi ecgdou nrae-t
trial waste until the site was redeveloped is typical during an El Niño, which tends October 23, landfall GIA 1b7. . W1).h aRte acreesas(iso)n parlo bmaobrlay ienxeps emrieanyc eadls toh eb es trpornegseenstt, winds
with eight wind-power turbines in 2007, Suitability for wind power to produce staDblee cpoondsiittioionsn waitlh L satrnondgf orms having foasrm Paedtr iacti ao tchaemr ep oaisnhtos rwe?h eErxep ala ginla.cier paused after
followed by six more in 2012. Using the Highest wind speed w i n d s h e a r o v e G r l ta h c e i e Ar s t l at rn at n ic s pO o c re t a nm , a in t e h r ii bailts- upon and within the ice, reaching a new equilibrium between accumulation and
slogan “Turning the Rust Belt into the Lowest wind speed i n g t h e f o r m a t pi o r no d o u f c t ir no gp i uc an ls so tr o t er md s s .e Id n i m t heen t deposiOtsc,t oasb ewr e2l4l ,a ms boyv inthge inlanadblatico.n H.ow and why did Patricia’s intensity change after the
Wind Belt,” developers have reinvented eastern and ceancttriaol nPsa coiff icm, ealcttwivaittye rw satrse faamr s at the glacier’s
this former waste site, and it now supplies Site-specific conditions a. a b o v e n o r m a l. d T o h w e n bes.at sr et e a rm n Pe an cd i f, i cp r s oa dw u 1c 3i n g sorted deposits. storm made landfall?
The general term for all glacial deposits, both
unsorted and sorted, is glacial drift.
Moraines As mentioned earlier, as a glacier
IIggnnaacciioo
flows to a lower elevation, a wide assortment
KKiilloo
of rock fragments become entrained (carried
along) on its surface or embedded within its
A00_CHRI7119_10_SE_WALK.indd 3 mass or in its base. As the glacier melts, this 02/12/16 5:24 AM
unsorted and unstratified debris is deposited MMeexxiiccoo
HHaawwaaiiii JJiimmeennaa TTDD 1144EE
M05_CHRI7119_10_SE_C05.indd 141 30/11/16 11:52 AM
▶Figure 17.15 Norwegian fjord. Sediment
carried in runoff is visible in this fjord, which
fills a U-PPshaaaccpiieffdiicc, g OOlaccciaeellaay nncarved valley. [Bobbé
Christopherson.]
▲Figure 7.1.3 Four tropical cyclones in the Pacific, September 1, 2015. Typhoon Kilo, Hurricane Ignacio, Hurricane Jimena,
and Tropical Depression 14E moved across the Pacific Ocean at the same time in 2015. [NASA/NOAA GOES Project.]
M17_CHRI7119_10_SE_C17.indd 503 23/11/16 11:24 AM
M07_CHRI7119_10_SE_C07.indd 209 22/11/16 6:19 PM
Our Changing Earth, Changing Content
UPDATED! Unique to physical geography, Chapter 10: Climate
Change, presents a comprehensive overview of climate change science,
exploring paleoclimatology, climate feedback, evidence and causes of present
climate change, climate models and projections, and steps we can take to
moderate Earth’s changing climate.
Geosystemsnow 80
10 Climate Change MMaalléd,ives AERWcifsfoienschygtesns tAw eOatsmm ctheseo alassntp tsihm eae ynroiudc a tCeM sOhael2lfr isihn seuc h 21Difference from average (10J)––––642246800000000 1993–2013 average
setcaopnleo mofiape seys o noiudnyri sn ytdegoir uesotr,n coa wlrrae mhbaee.s r ,Te psh ayceroat lu Uloo .lfpSi v.sle o,s ,co htarehl lemlafsinuesdhs ms erinealsgdy? iubo sDente raay-l –10109931995199719992001200Y3ea2r00520072009201120132015
along the Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf Coasts is val- ▲Figure GN 10.2 Recent increases in upper ocean heat content. Five different
aucsoase rrdabb ioiran nttg e odmCvioOepxre2i dra$aen7t ud0(Cr 0beO sem 2cr)o iislllemeiov,i ennol gscp eimenarcno rysree eaaa sarree.c ,iA tdsaiseck a.ia nwItngma atuoedpsrdp isihsto ieoamrbniec-, (ad2va3et0raa0 gs feot u)(,dr craeespsh rseehdsoe lnwint eea)dn. [ouNnpO wtAhAaer cdvli emtrrtaeitncead.gl oianvx .i]osc aesa nth hee daitf fceorenntecnest afrto dme pththes 1 f9ro9m3– 02 0to1 37 0 0 m
of the excess atmospheric thermal energy. In the cold coastal wa- The effects of ocean acidification are already in evidence, espe-
ters of the U.S. Northeast and Northwest, shellfish face an uncer- cially with regard to bivalve mollusks (oysters, mussels, clams, scal-
tain future unless they can adapt to warmer, more acidic seawater. lops) that have a two-part, hinged shell. In the U.S. Pacific Northwest,
oyster larvae are dying in hatcheries exposed to corrosive seawater
cOyccelinagn so Af cbasrobrobn Athtmroougsphh Eearritch CsOys2t eAms sp, atrhte o of caena nosn gabosinogrb n aabtuoruatl t2h0a0t5 p arenvde n2t0s0 t9h, eo yysotuenr gs eaendi mpraolsd ufrcotimon d deevcellionpeidn gu ps hteol ls8.0 B%et, wcoeestn-
pio(innHhng 2weeC r-uhOiqcpiu 3c C)ahm.O r Otdoe2c irrsieen s aoocCnrflev O aetah2cds.eei dTC si,hCfO iticOsh2a e2ttm riooeigixcmngee iiesast rtn wnses do itnt whhaien to stupeocrarc aowutllhcryaere iots nesfagfr ts o mtaefoct o ortfoshcopseershma ietnnh rc ceeara.e c graiAbdlsoosiefb n iabceicta.ym t atioaocknisd--, fiAilnnarolng owmd ntashg ctte heat rpehss ehe lwa, e Anlhdldfteiils sarichnenu ttaisoincsc d eridciduvoife saitircnrssayt a t Ciisnnoohd nmaM episeavt eaie$nrun1e gt3,1u m.0ma eLllumyans rtiisglenleiedtolos nb s fc tyaaoo canraemcds it dt ath ehlde vwoe euspanasottmaessn rietsrdi .ionpsn srooe of b najloe ctmbihdsess.
pEhaertrhe tSoy sthteem o cEefafnesc thsa sT hsyes tmemov-ewmideen te foffe cCtsO. 2T fhreo mgo tohde naetwmso sis- Oarcee aalnsos aAblssoor bAinbgs oerxbc eTshs ethrmeraml aEl neenregrgyy A fsro tmhe t hoece wanasr macinidgi fayt, mthoesy-
tphhaetr eth. eT hoec ebaandic n uepwtas kies othf aCt Oin2c srleoawsisn tghlye awcaidrmic insega owfa ttheer athtmreoast-- phheaetr ec.o Dnatetan tf roofm th beu uopyps earn odc seaatne l(litthees rsehgoiwon s iagbnoifvieca 7n0t0 in mcr,e oars e2s3 i0n0 t hfte)
ens organisms that are vital to the health of ocean ecosystems, over the past 2 decades (Figure GN 10.2). Even deep-ocean currents
including some types of plankton—tiny organisms that are the that flow in cycles lasting thousands of years are showing a decisive
base of the marine food web. The increased acidity changes sea- warming trend.
water chemistry and harms marine organisms, especially those Oceanic warming affects shellfish in different ways. For example,
that build shells and other external structures from calcium car- warming in the Gulf of Maine has allowed green crabs to move in,
bonate (Figure GN 10.1). where they devour juvenile clams and mussels and destroy eelgrass
•••TcTKA••l hhfimteeeeLcSf2DcDD oarhldgi1uieei smrtyarsseomcetssetcnnvi a ccantuccgsemLtrrhdhgeeesriieiebbann lsan e.oya n tmeegrks fnuigpe eazetdssrceoyvhyceenl .iep.edimvl teiOrtr uen eacnhialrsvehslateat ecsiabnent fl r rsepi uoamc icadt8btyf ienut ei 0iietecorndrn%,ii vgna otg ctyilylail dl oi fsiol sftmiae ouacitfugonn f casMsse ndcthMteovoe e aodmmiir ca dnluf fseltoeee e léoA dtnaer io,hsc usdcspbc aluliestabermotutrn e p arfweidasanoaicsbteyteklfrc aiel nlt raesuplao t , pteoan ttehugsoronlfteloashl :o cotoirjnrenhpweeboc gecl1alE poit r mlaMtieocma ocraxtgsatnal etaih(temelss3mod’n s.floiai3io ptovc tfs gelre f e tpsy ts),.he . aioesb p aoltev reai •• sss k vIAenta tahsopmo oeflolIar es NtispinvohePenueaUrlnis,cT d awrSainasttdeeiro . t n[hM •••••eHdo HTWRSS hUuaeoiepimsanawvernMimtdenciie nt rindgetreegiAoh ••• sg drss wee o uee egSLCN siSfarerxothr op ht teatichn–olhhuliseaetoungrEeenhivnlrtuscws atiweeh sActnfea rliae/aAonaQtorcnGarvrrRuvneiadbdesuCeesesd ooT nest d eeTeinn ti Haenagtysns sItfffeua e iitO ofIocrlserCmiogriogenoctNtyysOyat pw bn gt crtSyoaNilo:en ie m ssstENr.p a]ao satrftEceet hihe CnacadhT ianlvIeniO dgv3ueNe a?mllsS r •••(is9 TEWe.ea9esmrta hOpfwth’etsUer) iawr.t T taha uPntr eed Ur ccTlyimScleate t▲io1eaFn.mti3sId mg An.eaii fcsunoDafffsritswriceehisepoucarsah ntolosGttsesep il fnrvN sroocihe gcgtr ado e 1 eoouCl 0lnCfcrsO-og.ibeeOc12raau m2 l tnen iomlE idv c safreiiamifxncsleresgisebdc s o.otito towfsnyr g ibiocmtauhf 2aoaani .lbfocki d sOoaeci mdscutesmh.ets a i e,taoon llnnsle sapsea.c h-daiqeidbnursiigafcoi r ctrtCobeaO rtd i2oe. cn r eoans etdh 5dseh.he a UFecrivlr.slSe4raefhie..sabse dtOshsur uhaem cnhcnseedeae dlaainrlns nfnvr ise tcisashesehicenet .io g idsnf ii pfzdsierchui caeasetlntlisfrodi ysnf 6sso.h .ehr.I n Ceecco loilrnfnenicssashuruse immpnargeseicr erassesc . siidn.i fica- twsattf2lts12ahohohhyf0..nafs are ee1e ttri t Alnies Html Daao2wc cfGuhmsccftif, oesfrpo i eiruneehdbtwssesrfrlhclascqlgio l.folaff ua rde t,taiuia viso iscmneb ’nrTafieisPhawdded fdeg hr,aoe t p e,c e iii acec ttnostsorser hhbithnspahef cncoiceeienl bdrhescha epea agou ls pecmaalaN lnf o cunekrrnmnsidoohshiatp .kric gnhhcs rrcaaanr aetiegi eeeorvnnnhiocxiaCn rssetnegopwigw s e d Oe s ccelb cefaeoian peomfsoe2tacisfli aeen asccsort anoce.ods soaucshtir, fc msyteolat ifoetyinesiaesloninnswa atmm.encw tent vunnet i dSmap ansira ymet2i sa dettnu cA.eiee7norsescoeoar?rlt 9nddeyyss--f-
climate change.
M10_CHRI7119_10_SE_C10.indd 279 10/11/16 9:49 AM
M10_CHRI7119_10_SE_C10.indd 278 10/11/16 9:49 AM
thehuMandenominator 1Panopdu Elaarttiohn S, ySsutestmaisnability, theHUMANdenominator 19 Ecosystems aChnadpt eBr 1io9 dEciovsyesrtesmit Eyssentials 577 UPDATED!
EARTH SYSTEMS IMPACT HUMAN POPULATION HUMAN POPULATION IMPACTS EARTH SYSTEMS ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES IMPACT HUMANS HUMANS IMPACT ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES The Human
• What are some of the critical natural resources for human • Growing population and resource use affects all Earth systems; • All life depends on healthy, functioning ecosystems, which Human activities cause declining biodiversity. For example,
societies across the globe? we examine specific impacts in every chapter of Geosystems. provide the food and all other natural resources that humans use. • Habitat loss occurs as natural areas are converted for agriculture
1a 1b 19a a• nPde sutribciadne sd eavnedl oopthmeern pto.llutants poison organisms in food webs. Denominator
• Climate change affects plant and animal distributions and overall
ecosystem function.
• Fertilizer use and industrial activities alter biogeochemical cycles, at the end of most
as when dead zones disrupt the nitrogen cycle.
19b Slsamactouallrcllgiiro tgtitlegieilwcrfelneaela irtt tcelshiie sooxite ntanpntsafrg seoa droeerorc tmurssuksvt,ei ta fantepaiotttgsi ri ootbo futtonnavahrl .bitgrlfd oloo[yesNiwunr s O tgg s hwAh eaAioatt. h u] t csthuadpetnertss hexeplplos re
KmoVmclvenioimelgolsiraowat 2 sntpne Sm ov.f iotp[sirrloruilipi tbolgoo,en arurss tmshhp ea oebcrvwodlieitinpnynrggyl eih/ ,nA,y e e elwNarnaemhetr,eyiv .la .rea]Wtn adtdaihan te.ome Ttrche haienses rt ia ,gnp arocaensrraidt tasti ecn noraid gflu hrtrrehebtlsesiafoo encur, it atrLsycr a eeohsa foi nVtissh ett e hhgo ioaLsvsma ed sriee s 4 s tt0eoh r et Jowtlihvuvoeiesnr trligd m o2 ,iv p4nae anmorc dn1til el9ooi o%nlnone cn, oaoaSftft hi utotharhnanee.l g w[swAhyomaosrira tlldinedsd’m ’stash s pHbe owau llpalsi/tRurihegol asesbttuse ioprtct n ohcH ri latatiyvsr d eh (finbsiogg yrih. n ]cp coCoonphntuiacnliaeantn.e iotWrr nasi)tth hiioinp na pC opinhfogi npp.a euI molaapnatildgoe in tnh ee Hbmcrc[Deareuaogenannasiaovittttadeen eo dres D wfn .( etC iselBotimsait sel nsoaf)a oetnnavoatrd/lemrsrG r-foh eeeiab atrxdtre ybetre riaiI n)tcml naacwlaigtrnt ggaiefoeeose.dns r ,T.s ]smbbhueyuecam t ctn Nhheiy-oeas ap rssqetlf haaunu nraolAlltyytwmsi cr 1 ae re9reniron0cidcdt0or aeosovnn,ted httbrusheeec erdwae a Evdhinneuo itrmrmsh a(erCasoo dilsauastas.gn mt hoosr u t tbheet wcoenenne hcutimonasn s
and Earth’s physical
environment and the
I•osb•w•ySuo fieMTUo TtEowliSpuniEho ghfadsnenUp eaath irpmradis aetnlutvrSoEylh mcette2ayaepu’ hhSh0sewar dkour.nc s’1 is nsmlleWa Q1W2mteait2rF,itg dya tit ..SvrioitihcO iyi leUhnnoN ufieldHU otrdc,eoasnsadff oP mREmaiosaDseso drtmPaiditleui nnpS rm un td1 eowNTs mis osdguTrsngnPc rnaatsHcaarsis ePe a ItgbienaElesustiteO,ssti dEhaeh ih dNanlsyoesrtlfnt i :Ae ioN r,o ha,tsadm c 2at tSeaag bnwerchahegArn raSn1 sdllue eie.h’sgcoi drl]fhs ismSailea rnseuiTt oba etssacpedT wypmhwa tf.iOacon ior heh [catafosilVntiCas engoya tiImtoftIosinCht,sR esornEomo uc it n S irocO rhpo nhNe i H tcapdu( noahs rN1lDTom n opeis9tgUn1glS uhuula5seu cegelpIRnun0aoD t,shpaessYi,t goe lt ilnEwlpooayary ndiaR)sne ni,s. nw s p odos.et a uhhafop Bnb EeyyeMfeleie as s lrghci..r DgtitehiynnyhCla p ,Mpws s t tiDetohrC tttsoeh tPopulation (billions)1cxSm[ePacotio onl,3pn cr 1wuec 1es05678123490lb-aa9 tod1tiii5lotelr9cl0nulv5iud oeRt0ll een,aop fped1pt ormoe9ee Lprndp6 eaoct3u0 uaceh1rl ua sboklB9eatgtui u7i l otlrdn1rihi4eioennte9oalr navty7iuhene,e0c a soh lrsh oit(vn tnM4peipna1 W :ee1d/Dcb2l9/d9- wriC 08olteo 8ilwcih7sna1o0frwo)s i n,1lryu .e1dpad?denr9 bt t1pari6r.1onoe9ir5oe90 rfn9sgl s9 epdb.0 /tsp 9b hiutldslheief-lo1adatY2 3nteww/ t0e2ivis0602eaooe 0 1e0lrebrno3x1li-pndpl:p1l ei eoo1’2edpcsn09 uat ce1pl5acod0to0iuh7o Mtn n–p obb-t2 odruii2liniarle0lli0etcoalsa5i2 r n-otde(s00LiheanoDevs-neCeemt._ 2lsou e0)a8npn 3fgt reabi0.klrpd i a ldm lctifo. ]ool2enru90aen s4 bttt0hri l2ialei0ons5 n2i0n0. 50 Less developed countries9 I•w•cp•eS1h soiSFA9Slsaplpide dnrUbueendgelE ctareei ieSatee cilsl ossoe Fsts naliaoeoOndsn ngg psdsRty rpia t a eeowrTnlsec dHetipoalol rrd sEmv boys i fenilas2toatvcgi1regneo tmgaaSh ms teeT fpiecundr e o Ctg iicudnnn EicrtrcseeoolNerisTf(ahiMAfiwepswB nsePmll urmaan nihlflmw oeag TaofhvaoammtgdaesrtthnahauoeanlessibU iorahnli-ikelrneort lnnri tldaa anitiu nemmtatncfinRggAoarladidos ltsaieg gl/oonnaciini)a AlYct hn. nn h 'd ,oud Aelnlplis shsTaitya i vdfpe n tnmx mdrpshatcba aeoeasodosioteyutinssfe urn mmtee .ii w rr oa]f.mnSdducciagvin tlnep.otttscen,i seeh tee [urd ttloJ,reaoe it so amo hbnroa e,sint dteu rntsaidaaetsno . n kyacr t aslb u ataedisonc icnnodlgm ima hsea u htmeu m1a9nacsn. Q1b2tu..io rUHWtdlEeoihv SwmaeTt rdi sIgaOiotbry aNib otiientSoia cn tvTh ?feOea r csa t CcroehrOasa snNd gwiSsehcI DeuthrsEesee R tedhn eivnyi rtloihvniesm? cehnatEtBoAtprwia[pTnhha nnol oiahcempea2td ptrinpe sti0c sedC uHahiA1hwdranllehfyaa 6 fsa as haro ont eatifrnisacebrftiotd fohsatrfsaten/uf ea e m A'i sea rdsnRkrilecwass y cepceicmBt v i dttolsme opeooey sehnua.hrptu] ec ostncaoirhllnwwyaithcitsanr orii 5atennieosnsndtg7ss.g a .,s7 cuNCtafiwnoernsoeiifa ttdniiowihtnnc srumi taimnQtdrelhea reautie ppshrates ris2enuasoe ti1 sdentncikso s h gtc ttns faoorhctasapneu e ctpttnndi ooenhteepr ugs.cni rc tty ss .
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A00_CHRI7119_10_SE_WALK.indd 4 02/12/16 5:24 AM
. . . with the New Tenth Edition
geosystemsnow Asevae riacgee m siunmimmuemr, 2ic0e1 5m sinuimmmumer sea NEW! Chapter 4:
1981–2010
4 Atmospheric Energy and Global Effects of Atmospheric
Melting Arctic Sea Ice
Global Temperatures GSupaadiinx, In January 2015, during the 24-hour Energy and
polar night, a Norwegian research ship Global
with a host of scientists on board set an-
chor in the Arctic pack ice. This was its sec-
iocned f loatet ehmadp ts haat tatettraecdh—minen otr—dethr eto p rreesvuiomues Temperatures
its drift across the frozen Arctic Ocean. The
mission: Set up camp on the moving sea ice
efoffre ac t5s- omfo Anrtcht-iclo inceg msteuldt.y of the causes and ▲ThFei g2u0r1e5 G mNin 4im.1u mAr icst tich es ufomumrthe rlo sweae sitc eo nm reinciomrdu; mth ee xlotwenets ti no c2c0u1rr5e da sin c o2m01p2a. r[eNdA StAo SaVvSe.]rage. consolidates
The Nature of Arctic Sea Ice Unlike Ant- effect results from the presence of lighter back, described in Chapter 1 (Figure 1.10), is coverage of
arctica, a land mass surrounded by ocean, surfaces, which reflect sunlight back into happening today as global temperatures rise.
the Arctic region is an ocean surrounded space. Snow- and ice-covered surfaces re-
iowiimbmwgamionscntcylc e iiogaaeucn tc cflxihdb muutatnloihoe airmrnlcv mgryriarledn eii iultnntmcea,r soie mngge(e lcFftmoaud g i i aibnnnins g iepnlceegdt iaxiue ehctnia, ttcwSre rsse t eaeceeo.,ainep a ctxp ctmute(eDtGuahhft enr creseeuNeedno(ik mt fnrdF utrzi riimee gn4 onebrdibgic g.ntzceen1udoerier rsogue)re— )fn t.i n arabch ns eaT rlsshmregsiiyssheeunse o h saaemewaanswrw sk usenwheAism se—namdaeai arlntt uerlsvctAe mel c ereptyatrro ip r oh)e .csc).na ((r rfe uRuoi,Oc silIm n)nsesvicmd.scpuuece iterxatateariliinenehahefclnlltlrdngdieekyyt--- dIcrtgcfarwtrsfeeeuliurln eoelieoEhfcfmrnccdnlleaeabieeCtrlc saitire ccagrvhe,thttaetat lehhhe eiaabcsvrdc’ etdslneeaeeocl o. o sf ig co ruvolv,rwseleeW opeeitaulrmaic sdlsieonlnsnc 6tuuif.ias,gsthlgn l0e ilhi etTgt tmeo e%iioocohtmnhvsn htourw feigtis– lo eort,t ya w eha9 rnp facec r4e5saae eimahm udc %%nreirucaemrdces dofesn ec,a– afbiiu i rncgntnoro1cteanhkeotegegfr0acaet e ms % ksf(gtr cotcFieoh srceoiofisoe,n reeg t vo,monAcih c- seudflcesadaae r, rooraa ac,usstlra ebt lorlv n.sabi nk ieeticl naGIrnaeeedfdr smc serdgmrNu eo Eoe sdo wrpnr,a oapmma f4,lear a aeidc.tfiotorircc2trnhiahiegeenaaree)ng’aeeyss.r--.,, tEptchtpwoitfinnhihhaiaocaanaicgceea lvrrl ldlel ttBAuiteuasci fssAhce dhelrtie,uubruca rn evi.emcspted Snlee saietpd cWeytna imttdcst aocretstir ahriceur,tstaatOte fehe r haavrifa ce,cemlei n mlcusfe ysdlitdria. nlea n ho oaao nsSCc nagemtrnnneoirek ocn ett ot hsectwthcnahr hlenaeaestsinNeilechs.ini n enr n2e e ooed rdSogga,0fcarnrs h atpt nl 0st bhticiioalse ph9onoetsenenno oe,egnsdrco sdets rnac oost cmw ed (o a au.sobrs Acno yfel lltHIaftkoastulnotoeitnat cmmerti cef,enikdem cantmaomd gs iosdecntii see.cssmdaedripgsc ape rluissh rymtb hAhieri seoiooieafcaiuenrrpnannrrecsirrgeeclss----,,)l aaewtetnnimmtdehr ops gguseyplrr oafhbabteaucarlearilc e n sc es
Why Is Arctic Ice Important? Arctic sea ice receives direct sunlight and absorbs more adapted to seasonal changes. As light re-
Scooulanrt rpiheso tino vtohlet awico prladn feolsr cinosntvaellretd e snoelragry p forowmer t chaep Saucint yt.o [ Gelloebcatrl iWcitayrm nienga rI mGaugaeds/iAxl,a Amny.d]alucia, in southern Spain, one of the top ten phlealypsin ag ktoey k reoelpe tinh eE parlathn’es tc cliomoal.t eT hsiyss cteomol inbgy ahnedat ,s ote monp.e Trahtius resos -cwaallremd , icme–oarelb eicdeo mfeeeltds-, ptularnnsk tionn t hteh aspt rainrge , ah ufgoeo da lgsoalu brcloeo fmors ffeisehd, (previously
birds, whales, and other marine mammals.
Reflects 65% of Reflects 85% of Thinner ice and earlier spring melt disrupt
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•• EEcoxxnppvlleaaciinntio tfnoh,ue a re ntfydfep acedts vooeffc ghtireoeanet.n thraonussfee rg: arsaedsi,a ctiloonu,d cso, nanddu c tion, ••H POUrzooMtneecAt dioNenp –lferEotimoAn SRuTn’Hs h CarOmfNulN raEdiCatTioInONS efTrlhese es hmdouewlrti intnhgga tot htfh eA ers Acutmricct msicee aOr iccweeai tsnhe icenom uasl ddr ebemcea oidcteee-,.
•• RpDaperaeeirtnvfiotceisneiropnewllses t oohtthenfe em nac Eepotmaten rrrcotaaehstdppu–itaahr etoteim ofrc inoctoe nshamptterh poateheltsirern eat g hsteuu aanrrtneef apd ragcr oency.odd bou ralceilneav gngie.cleow ba atnhld e t he IntcelumWdpehe atrhat tewui ncardeose n ytQxcho eieuunp h ethysiasog ovuthefire owsfaetnni lnats:d?twm Tcehohr.iselpl lhaoenwrdiec sh te?a t Rsoelfaler cratsd i7a%tio onf yma1er.ei tg aihHot wstfo iewhtchfee fed reaesocne t ydg so c lolwuhinb aalkaitnv le tegtro,e?e amsan lplud eEl tAraiamrrtctuhatritc ese sysl,yes t tahea iemfcf eaes lc.eb txHe tdtoehonwest
•• tIatEneenxmmtdpepp lrJaeepuirrrnlaaye tt htuut eerrteeahm tepr pa wapentaargtavteetetresnus.r srna.e n omdf daEapersst char’nisb dtee o mtnhpe ae h rmautmuaprae nso fore nas npJanonunusaeal r tyo ▲suFrifgaucrees .G [NNA 4SA.2/M Ricehfaleel cSttiuodnin gaenr.d]O apbesno wrpattieorn over b9a3r%e iocfe s, oiclaer a rnaddi astnioonw i,s a anbds owrbaetedr 2. iWcnothneartcrtio banurnetee tc wtto ot ot sh foeou rmrmcee alst iponofg s piotoifvl leAu rtf caetnei cdts bi ctaehc7?ak9t?
temperature extremes.
• Describe urban heat island conditions and global
temperature increases associated with human activities.
M04_CHRI7119_10_SE_C04.indd 79 07/11/16 11:35 AM
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NEW! Chapter 15: Eolian Processes and Arid Landscapes
is restored as a standalone chapter in the 10th edition, helping teachers
focus coverage on wind processes, deserts, and arid landscapes.
15 Eolian Processes and Arid GSliediongs Ryosctkes mons Dneoawth PsdlaoluakmcyeOea e n,tt hi mwaati enR stal aeschsret atsrlrp alaofrincoowksr- SSDDaaEEnnAA NNTTFFHHAArr TTaaCCVV..nn AAaaPPccLLllAAiiLLiiffRRssEEooKKYYccrroonniiaaNNeeLVLVvvaeaeaasgsgddaaaass
Landscapes GoMboi nDgeoslieart, VPlaalyleay’s Racetrack wEcslouovewecnehrd ky i stt ilhoafoekanrwets m ao yfnoeshtraahmarrssles-., POACCEIFASINCan DiegoLLooss AAnnggeelleessAArriizz..
and then freezes
In a remote, low-elevation basin between so that a thin layer
mountain ranges in southern California of ice on the sur-
and Nevada, rocks are moving with no face covers the
obvious cause. From year to year, unseen water below. Dur-
by humans, the rocks shift position along ing the day, the
a flat, hard-surfaced playa, a dry lakebed. ice breaks up and
The rocks leave trails behind them, furrows melts, and then at
in the silty lakebed sediments, as proof of night it refreezes.
their movement (Figure GN 15.1). The If the rocks be-
tracks are hundreds of meters in length, come embedded
and some of the rocks weigh hundreds of in the ice layer,
kilograms. The movement is episodic and could wind work
upProonacspskssr eibtbdrealiteciwlt sa eobCenlane u —Rmsaeyocesvea etrrmsfao,ce krne tvP eMelanvyoe anvd tesesumc.gaegdneesstt , tTchahanet ttopooveg ermyer tsothuhvereerf awtcwheeei?tt ,hr o slciickpes- Dss▲loiedFmaeiget ohtuivm rVeeera stlG lhoeNeny wl 1yN 5efaot.t 1rpi o slaAenyca asol l naiPdtda issnr.lko g[,Dw rCa onsapcielkielf eOoadsrttsn e rfireakosa.rt m W boprhni/eGe fRen tpa tieycn reI immotradoagstce iokso.f n] Pt,li mathyeea, ,r ocks
movement happens when the playa is wet Solving the Mystery In 2011, research- The conditions necessary for rock
from infrequent rains and the sediments ers set up a weather station and time lapse movement occur infrequently at Racetrack
form a soft mud. If animals or humans were cameras on Racetrack Playa to test this hy- Playa. A shallow lake must be present at
moving the rocks, they would leave tracks pothesis. On the playa surface, they placed the same time that nighttime tempera-
on the playa’s surface. If gravity were mov- rocks with GPS trackers designed to record tures dip below freezing to initiate surface
ing the rocks, a slope would be present, but position and speed at the onset of move- freeze. The winters of 2010–2011 and
the playa surface is nearly flat. If streams ment. Then they waited, and in December 2011–2012 included infrequent snow and
were moving the rocks, a channel would be 2013, rock movement occurred. rain events but not enough moisture to
present, as well as other alluvial material. Measurements and observations in form a lake. Once formed, a lake that per-
Eliminating these factors leaves two possi- 2013 and 2014 showed that the rocks sists over weeks or months in combination
bilities: the forces of wind and ice. slide across the wet surface of the playa with temperature conditions that promote
For years, scientists sought an explana- on sunny days that follow nights with nighttime freezing and daytime ice breakup
tion for the sliding rocks. The dominant subfreezing temperatures. At night, the can have numerous rock sliding events.
hypothesis was that strong winds were shallow water on the playa freezes to (For more information, see http://journals
the force for rock movement. The prevail- form a thin layer of ice at the surface (Fig- .plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.
Aagsrt a ttzhheee n "fesoiaonrtgb oiynf.g [tT hsuaeun lG daunsr"dv fBaornur nStoha eiMk shooraaunnn dMdi/ Gomeuatntdyt eaIm ibnaysg iemns. o]thvien Gg osbani Dd egsrearitn os.f Bsaocuttrhiaenr nc aMmoenlsg, owliha ilcihe itnhhea Kbhito tnhgeo srtyenp Epless s oafn dce dnutrnael sA, skinao, wn ittitnnhreaggrecs krswionos.citu nokHtds hot swhww eoeee snrpvte le,a Rrepy,a maasc robesametelrlddeaeildcm otkeoef d nP tmshtlaeseo.yv saeCht r eoaobaulfl vo lcdtiweeh nsse ttt frirsrmooolincdemgk-- utubphprareeen ie neGszltuesoN,ns t e1ahwf5nifnae.d2 rc pm)ts.ait vsDnre oeutlnyhsr g.ie“ nT bgghbu ueatlhsnsldtie nswo —l,az inittmnhedg eo—m” vi oebctserhon ettbihh nrr egloei g,aci chkakessst 1po. nWamet.0 ehtn1hat0te o5cpoc9lcan4uyd8arir.t )eisodun?rfsa dceid w schieenn trisotcsk o mbsoevrev-e
KA••••• fteeDDEdDLthriexeii seyrsspptseiccro clauus aLsrfdoossiiitimbnssnersm e geettah ha oanteleheatldoii e naoc lfr itndoaanch hfrun.eeomas nritrerpoarm staoste iinsiaroor i,sngunnn pydin nooao ishuqrnfg.t uud ssomeha tf noht acdudoenlu d darois emrutbis dneapun e nalratsedcba cgta nlsesintoa otdennloaf ds: dnd .apedensfsocdetrr rmiestbixfseip.c laloateiionsns . ••• SEWoailrnatdhrI NemnaPetrUegryiTalSs •••H DDCWUlueihmsnMeaeart tt sAcietfha iaNcca•••bahrn iit–alWEDdgiinzor EeeaoeagnpsnAaste oiiAdatQooshRr nniseeuCt eTi raoueimTnnHnnsgIidd-tO aerCireroNiwsOdnt aoSrN:eyra gwNtioiiotnEnhsCi?n TEIaOrthN’s••••S LBBSoaaaensdsidlnas snadeOdneaspdsUo RasTnaitPdns gUsea TntodSp dougnraepshy wmWlaioynaevtdeersrm eanlotn?1soehn. a Rtblhlaoeei wn d e cwrnyreao latauetkgere hslab ayet edor. force 2ominv.ttoI heocWrre entnaihirintg ienghr , ts f.ihr cIeeneatehe cbztterhesro ees.ps a lsak ysta h.e 3dwtshar.aei tvTLt ueephigrrnle,aah ptbytfel auyowd saswi,hnt uii dnnrmrfogdauc ciakdcensed.d yap cfalsronouwesrlfissInac ,gc e e of 2. Wmohvye d ion tshoem eRNo9◀omPreotaf(lab 8 aFoccatRy)seiylik:evoo.e gt,seancare ra2 uk1a.rvmoc 0s0slr[ k en B1P5ieea nd aa4P9 nRn srl,GM4 ak epadtS8y:d Noc lr a.oiF n]dtoeo, iin roio tcnDns1r nett geaRR 5.Osa i c.aRnP.sDtkb2hLoc . sofoe c PeVNo SkttrlaT shaorvrOl aarlhyeoerrNtacnrioeyisosEk c?n k
439
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M15_CHRI7119_10_SE_C15.indd 438 22/11/16 4:32 PM
A00_CHRI7119_10_SE_WALK.indd 5 02/12/16 5:24 AM
Continuous Learning
Before, During, and After Class
BEFORE CLASS
Mobile Media and Reading Assignments Ensure Students Come to Class Prepared
UPDATED! Dynamic Study Modules help
students study more effectively by continuously
assessing student performance and providing
practice in areas where students struggle the
most. Each Dynamic Study Module, accessed by
computer, smartphone, or tablet, promotes fast
learning and long-term retention.
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gives students access to the text
whenever they can access the Internet.
eText features include:
• Available on smartphones and tablets.
• Seamlessly integrated videos and
animations.
• Accessible (screen-reader ready).
• Configurable reading settings,
including resizable type and night
reading mode.
• Instructor and student note taking,
highlighting, bookmarking, and
searching.
Pre-Lecture Reading Quizzes are easy to customize and assign
UPDATED! Reading Quiz Questions ensure that students complete the assigned reading
before class and stay on track with reading assignments. Reading Questions are 100% mobile
ready and can be completed by students on mobile devices.
Optional eText upgrades for accompanying books
• Dire Predictions: Understanding Climate Change, 2nd Edition, by Michael Mann and Lee Kump
• Goode’s World Atlas, 23rd Edition by Rand McNally
A00_CHRI7119_10_SE_WALK.indd 6 02/12/16 5:25 AM
. . . with MasteringGeography™
DURING CLASS
Engage Students with Learning Catalytics
What has teachers and students excited? Learning Cataltyics, a “bring your own device”
student engagement, assessment, and classroom intelligence system, allows students to use
their smartphone, tablet, or laptop to respond to questions in class. With Learning Catalytics,
you can:
• Assess students in real time using open-ended question formats, such as word clouds,
sketching, and image upload, to uncover student misconceptions and adjust lectures
accordingly.
• Automatically create groups for peer instruction based on student response patterns to
optimize discussion.
“My students are so busy and engaged answering Learning Catalytics questions during the
lecture that they don’t have time for Facebook.”
Declan De Paor, Old Dominion University
A00_CHRI7119_10_SE_WALK.indd 7 02/12/16 5:25 AM