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Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography PDF

693 Pages·2014·183.765 MB·English
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GlobAl GlobAl edITIon edITIon eG dl ITo IobA nl G eosystems A n I For these Global editions, the editorial team at Pearson has n t r o collaborated with educators across the world to address d uG An Introduction to Physical Geography c a wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping t ie o no students with the best possible learning tools. This Global ts o edition preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy Pys nInTH edITIon h yt of the original, but also features alterations, customization se i cm a and adaptation from the north American version. l Gs e o g r a p h y n I n T H e d I T I o n C h r i s t o p h e r s o n • B i r k e l a n d This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world. Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada. If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada you should be aware that it has been imported without Robert W. Christopherson • Ginger H. Birkeland the approval of the Publisher or Author. Pearson Global Edition Christopherson_1292057750_mech.indd 1 08/07/14 9:41 am About the pagination of this eBook Due to the unique page numbering scheme of this book, the electronic pagination of the eBook does not match the pagination of the printed version. To navigate the text, please use the electronic Table of Contents that appears alongside the eBook or the Search function. For citation purposes, use the page numbers that appear in the text. 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TThheessee aarree ppaarrtt ooff 5500°°SS 00°° NNAASSAA’’ss BBlluuee MMaarrbbllee NNeexxtt GGeenneerraattiioonn iimmaaggee ccoolllleeccttiioonn.. 6600°°SS 1100°°SS 2200°°SS 7700°°SS [[NNAASSAA iimmaaggeess bbyy RReettoo SSttööcckkllii,, bbaasseedd oonn ddaattaa ffrroomm NNAASSAA aanndd NNOOAAAA..]] 3300°°SS A01_CHRI6982_09_SE_FM.indd 1 12/07/14 12:46 PM IFC_CHRI6982_09_SE_IFC.indd 2 25/11/13 3:14 PM IFC_CHRI6982_09_SE_IFC.indd 3 25/11/13 3:14 PM WWeesstteerrnn HHeemmiisspphheerree EEaasstteerrnn HHeemmiisspphheerree 5500°°NN 4400°°NN 3300°°NN 8800°°NN 2200°°NN 7700°°NN 1100°°NN 6600°°NN 112200°°1111WW00°°WW110000°°WW9900°°WW 8800°°WW 7700°°WW 6600°°WW 5500°°WW 554433000000°°°°°°NNNNNN3300°°WW 2200°°WW 1100°°WW 00°° 1100°°EE2200°°EE3300°°EE MDEcMDEcoonneeuummddfflleetteeiippppnnaaoollsseevvsseeoo iiiitt mmrreeMM’’s s aattee ooggrrtt aaeeeessddoosshhaarr ooooffrrrrww llooddoo mmaaggtthhttii cacaeess aa aaooWWlltt ffeeSS eettlloollaassiittpptttteeeeeeoossllrrllgg nniiTTttrree aaeeHH,,pprr eeaarrhhaammnnyy,,dd ,,iiAAss aaffppqqrrlloollhhuu mmmmeeaarr,,ee ee SSRRrr ggaappaaeennaadd ddcciiaannee EErr ssaaSSaaaa hhssddtttt,,uurree aaaattrrttmmnnllnneedd aa ttiicc 4400°°EE 5500°°EE 6600°°EE 7700°°EE 8800°°EE EE°°0099 EE°°00001112312300000000°°°°°°°°SSSSSS 111100°°EE 112200°°EE 113300°°EE 114400°°EE 115500°°EE 116600°°EE117700°°EE 2200°°NN HHeemmiisspphheerree ooff EEaarrtthh.. WWhhaatt iinnddiiccaattiioonnss ddoo yyoouu sseeee oonn tthheessee 4400°°SS 1100°°NN iimmaaggeess tthhaatt tteellll yyoouu tthhee ttiimmee ooff yyeeaarr?? TThheessee aarree ppaarrtt ooff 5500°°SS 00°° NNAASSAA’’ss BBlluuee MMaarrbbllee NNeexxtt GGeenneerraattiioonn iimmaaggee ccoolllleeccttiioonn.. 6600°°SS 1100°°SS 2200°°SS 7700°°SS [[NNAASSAA iimmaaggeess bbyy RReettoo SSttööcckkllii,, bbaasseedd oonn ddaattaa ffrroomm NNAASSAA aanndd NNOOAAAA..]] 3300°°SS A01_CHRI6982_09_SE_FM.indd 2 12/07/14 12:46 PM IFC_CHRI6982_09_SE_IFC.indd 2 25/11/13 3:14 PM IFC_CHRI6982_09_SE_IFC.indd 3 25/11/13 3:14 PM A01_CHRI6982_09_SE_FM.indd 3 12/07/14 12:46 PM Geosystems Super Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in the central Philippines on the morning of November 7, 2013, with sustained winds over 306 kmph (190 mph), the strongest ever recorded for a tropical cyclone at landfall using satellite measure- ments. In Geosystems, we discuss tropical cyclones and other severe weather events on Earth, including the effects of Superstorm Sandy on the U.S. East Coast in 2012 (see Focus Study 8.1 in Chapter 8). [NOAA.] A01_CHRI6982_09_SE_FM.indd 1 27/06/14 5:23 PM Sandstone cliffs along the Virgin River in Zion National Park, Utah. [GeoStills/Alamy.] A01_CHRI6982_09_SE_FM.indd 2 27/06/14 5:23 PM An IntroductIon to PhysIcAl geogrAPhy global edition Geosysteninth edmition s Robert W. Christopherson Ginger H. Birkeland Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo A01_CHRI6982_09_SE_FM.indd 3 27/06/14 5:23 PM Senior Geography Editor: Christian Botting Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Global Senior Marketing Manager: Maureen McLaughlin Edition: Trudy Kimber Development Editor: Moira Lerner Nelson Dedication Page Quote: Barbara Kingsolver, Small Wonder Program Manager: Anton Yakovlev (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2002), p. 39. Assistant Editor: Bethany Sexton Design Manager: Mark Ong Senior Marketing Assistant: Nicola Houston Full-Service Project Management: Cenveo® Publisher Services Director of Development: Jennifer Hart Illustrations and Cartography: Kevin Lear, International Managing Editor, Geosciences and Chemistry: Gina M. Mapping/Mimi Bikel, Precision Graphics Cheselka Image Permissions Manager: Maya Melenchuk Production Project Manager: Janice Stangel Photo Researcher: Erica Gordon Head of Learning Asset Acquisitions, Global Edition: Text Permissions, Associate Project Manager: Alison Bruckner Laura Dent Text Permission Researcher: Mark Schaefer, PreMedia Global Publishing Administrator and Business Analyst, Global Associate Content Producer: Mia Sullivan Edition: Shokhi Shah Khandelwal Operations Specialist: Christy Hall Senior Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Priyanka Ahuja Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics Assitant Project Editor, Global Edition: Sinjita Basu Cover Photo: Surojit Ghosh Media Production Manager, Global Edition: Vikram Kumar Cover Printer: Courier Kendallville Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2015 The rights of Robert W. Christopherson and Ginger H. Birkeland to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Christopherson: Geosystems: An Introduction to P hysical Geography, 9th edition, ISBN 978-0-321-92698-2, by Robert W. Christopherson and Ginger H. Birkeland, published by Pearson Education © 2015. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN-10: 1-292-05775-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-292-05775-0 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 11 10 Typeset in 9.25/12 Melior LT Std by Cenveo Publisher Services. Printed and bound by Courier Kendallville in the United States of America. A01_CHRI6982_09_SE_FM.indd 4 12/07/14 11:50 AM dedication To the students and teachers of Earth, and to all the children and grandchildren, for it is their future and home planet. The land still provides our genesis, how- ever we might like to forget that our food comes from dank, muddy Earth, that the oxygen in our lungs was recently inside a leaf, and that every newspaper or book we may pick up is made from the hearts of trees that died for the sake of our imag- ined lives. What you hold in your hands right now, beneath these words, is conse- crated air and time and sunlight. —Barbara Kingsolver A01_CHRI6982_09_SE_FM.indd 5 27/06/14 5:23 PM

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