Georgia: A Political History since Independence PDF
Preview Georgia: A Political History since Independence
Stephen Jones is Professor of Russian and Eurasian Studies at Mount Holyoke College, Massachusetts. The author of several books on Caucasian history and politics,hehastaughtSovietandRussianpoliticsattheUniversityofCalifornia at Santa Cruz, the University of London and Oxford University. GEORGIA A POLITICAL HISTORY SINCE INDEPENDENCE STEPHEN JONES Publishedin2013byI.B.Tauris&CoLtd 6SalemRoad,LondonW24BU 175FifthAvenue,NewYorkNY10010 www.ibtauris.com DistributedintheUnitedStatesandCanadaExclusivelybyPalgraveMacmillan 175FifthAvenue,NewYorkNY10010 Copyright#2013StephenJones TherightofStephenJonestobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenasserted bytheauthorinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsinareview,thisbook,orany partthereof,maynotbereproduced,storedinorintroducedintoaretrievalsystem, ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. ISBN:9781845113384 eISBN:9780857735867 ePDF:9781786739629 AfullCIPrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary AfullCIPrecordisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:available PrintedandboundbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY For Kathleen and Avtandil, a fine example of Anglo-Georgian cooperation Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Transliteration and Terminology xiii Maps: Georgia Administrative Map xv Oil and Gas Pipelines in the South Caucasus xvi Major Ethnic Groups in Georgia xvii Introduction xix Part 1: The Best of Times, the Worst of Times: 1985–1995 1 Georgia: A Divided Nation 3 2 Prelude to Revolution 25 3 Populism in Georgia: the Gamsakhurdia Phenomenon 51 4 The Interregnum 75 Part 2: State and Society: 1995–2011 5 Democracy from Below? 107 6 The State 141 7 The Economy 179 vii GEORGIA:APOLITICALHISTORYSINCEINDEPENDENCE 8 The Myth of Georgian Nationalism 215 9 National Security and Foreign Policy 239 Concluding Reflections 269 Timeline: 1985–2011 273 Notes 281 Bibliography 349 Index 361 viii List of Illustrations The West comes to Georgia. A Tbilisi street in the late 1990s. Photo: Guram Tsibakhashvili 8 April 1989, before the tanks rolled in. Photo: Guram Tsibakhashvili 34 Fallen Heroes. The toppled guardians of Government House. Photo: Guram Tsibakhashvili 37 Zviad Gamsakhurdia addresses the Georgian parliament. 52 Civil war breaks out in the center of Tbilisi at the end of 1991. Photo: Guram Tsibakhashvili 70 James Baker III, US secretary of state, arrives on May 25th, 1992, greeted by members of the Presidium of the State Council. Photo: Guram Tsibakhashvili 81 Queuing for food products in Tbilisi, 1995. Photo: Guram Tsibakhashvili 93 The Rose Revolution begins. People gather outside Government House, November 2003. Photo: Guram Tsibakhashvili 109 A market in Tsnori, Kakheti. Photo: Archil Kikodze 132 The Georgian Presidential System, 2004–13 149 Election time: local elections in Tbilisi, May 2010. Photo: Stephen Jones 157 President Saakashvili opens the Gori National Defense Academy. Photo: Georgian presidential website 168 President Shevardnadze encourages foreign investment. Photo: Guram Tsibakhashvili 191 ix
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