George Facer’s A Level Chemistry Student Book 2

333 Pages·2015·1.43 MB·English

by  George Facer

EDEXCEL A LEVEL
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MIODDER
1DVNAMIC
DU CATION
Lc.Af~ NI Nli
AN I ACH TI U COMPANY
Thu 1bo I& dc:i.11t: d to JuJ,y~ my lat wif~ of~ ye: ra. \\'ft 1upi,orr d rue threuldieut fu~
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Ltb ry. p. 1q7 (bottom) Jcny M 1cm/ dim.ea Photo 1br ry
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rcr,roduc: lon, rn } bt cbt lucd fmm the Cof'yrighc Lkeu1U1 ~ s~.m:y Umltcd. ~rfrou Houat.
6 10 ,Klrby ·tre~t. London 1N 1 .
l)'tu~itl m nemb l 1/'1 pt y ... a.rt.ui1, Jn,.
Prlnt,d in et ly
A r:at [QffUt rtcord for thi itlcle iiL v SlAble fr the nnua.h Libr ry.
L UN '17H I 471 074.4 !Ii
lnt, oduction
V
1 Eq iI i br i Lu11 11 (To p ic 11) 1
J
Th qullibriun, constant, K C lculatlon of K fron, , ·perln,ent I clat
•
0 0
h q uI ll rl u n1 con t nt tn t rn, of p r ti I p r ur , KP • a Ic u I ti on f P
f1 on, - p I ln1 nt I d ta " H t rog n ou quilibrl · Eff et of chan In
t , p r tur • Eff et of eh ng of I , ur or volul'n of th cont in r on g ou
t · oHon Ef~ ot of h ng of cone ntr tlon o one p cl • Eff et of dd In..,
ea _ lyst • lndu trl I nd ph rn, · c utic I I" oc s _
2 Acid-lJase _c 1uilil)ria (ToJ)ic 12) 27
• Acid nd ba __
• h pH of
indlc tor • itr tion
,., En-h lpy of n uitr Ii lion
3 E11ergetics II (To1Jic 13) 59
n r tic of Ion le bondln • t nt of cov I ncy: pol rl tion of th En ropy
eh ng of th _y t n, • Ent1opy eh ng of lh u1rounding • 'o al
eh ng • olublli y • M I i ng nd b -111 n point
4 Redox 11 (To1Jic 14) 96
El otr,och 111 ic I c II • El et rod pot nti I • Pr ctic _I p et of I ctroch n1I try
0 'idising nd r ducin g nts • Unc rt inly of n uren, nt
5 Tra11sitio11 111etal (ToJ)ic 15) 124
I ct1011 configu1 tlon • loni tion n rgi • Con1111on eh n,i I prop rti . of
tr n ltion 11, t Is • Co111n1on phy lo I prop rti s of tr n Jt.i,on n, t I ion • R action
1
of r n ition n1 t I I n, n
155
6 Kir1eti cs II (ToJ:,ic 16)
11-Boltzn, nn distribution of n , y • Eff et of phy lcal
quatlon , E ·,, r 11,, 11t I 111 thocls M eh nlsn, nd
n d c _I y 't on th r
7 Chirality (Topic 17) 186
tructural I on, rl n, • I rn • Optic I I on, r ism • Chlr lity nd
111 eh nl 111
8 CarlJot1yl cornpour1cls (TOJ)ic 17) 197
Aid hyd • K ton • G n r I truotur I fot niul . • Phy le I
propertl • L bo, tor) pr p r ''Ion • R action of Id hyd nd I ton
211
9 r oxylic ic 7)
r....; ·
C o II cld In n tur 0 rl o yllc Id
Aoyl chlo id
1 At TOF>ic 1 ) 2 0
11
N n, ncl u r of I n • B nz n , H Ph nol,
ci • M C OH • 4'n, thylnltl b nz n • CH H N
5 9
250
• h nyl • 1 In • H NH An,ld • N tu, I product con I nin th
5 2
. ou c1 I Pro Ins
271
2 Org 11ic y11tt1 (To~Jic 1 )
lnc1 0th r
RI I nd
h
1111 ·
Ar1 ly i c I ( =>pie )
I
3
Cant nt
book
IAb
hi t . _t b k cov rs rh p '11.:i h.: ti n for th ae nd y r f che - ~ 1 c h 'mist
~r
A I .,vc,J c u rs . I rder f top,i, s Hows thJ th . f e ific 3-tion. giv tu dent
I I
f - , nd f'.I ] fi r - r i , the c nt nt f th bn k
0111-
0
M r in c mn1~nts ar pr 1vid d thr ughout th b m'Prhe lu b]
re1.uindcrs autl snip,J 1U uf info1 n)._ ti n~ nd in lud~ j th:1t clarify ~ hut you n~~d
t kn v ~u d n1n1011 s ur i f c1 n'fusion.
, h · bo k i u t uide to th~ r cd 1 h mi try th t U I veJ ~tudents ~ ill stud r,
1
How v r. 111 ny f eh re ti 1 s th._,t v-,rill be m t in th lab rat ry rt: d tail d
thr1 u h ut.
At th b k f th bi k (' . --4)~ th r i' p r1 di t bl th t RiV r ] tive t 1ni
111~1. ses to on~ der h11 I pbc c. hi~ h uld b" ret~n·~d to - r .1t nlic numbers. Jto1n ic
n1 ss s nd s} 'm I t th~ ell.: n1ents. h t bi is sin1H r t th nc ri nt on th
I
k of the e .. :..uninati -n p. p r .
~ L•
On li11
u1~sc
re av Uab]
r
th , nd very
'typ,i · I m-styl
·.i
r av H b] p-rt f r~
.
X lC
ur
I
R quir .d p eviou know I nd
nu
AH ru sh1 ul
• f n1ili.1r ,vith th use t 3 c. le u hit r
• Lb] to clmn ~ th~ !iUbjt2,~t of on ,al Jbrair cqn._1ti n
• 11.: t tr~,w s.tr. i ht-lin n urv d r ph fr nt ui pH d .t a1 cl t
ar
ph
• ~b],e t dra,v t.: n ~nt to curv~s .1nd to t:~lcullu~ th slope the t::in C'Jlt 3t1d o
str i ht-lin gr p,h
• ~ n 1 tu in the us of s -i nri ·- '-'" (standar ) uot tinu~ fo_ "an11,1 rh.1t rh LU111t er
l ... :;4 c n b writt 11 g 1.234 x IU nd th t 1.2 4 I0-3 is th u1 o. t ~12 4
i.:
' tudcint. tL ke thr _c theory p·:tpers:
• P per 1 l:1 ts fi r I hour 45 111 h1u res ~t d h J n1~ hnu1n n1ark of• . ho qt sti tu
r
r ia&ed n th 'n r,z n [ nd h r.ll hen1istry t pi in yi :ir J nd 2 t thf
I I 1~ 1
m ximum Jnl rk f 9 . -.,he
t,1 I
rian nn I ·h n1istry torii - in y rs I nd
I
ur .
····~··· ······~ ...
,~. ,.,.
o
Topic -. 1- er In Book
Topic 1 Atom le st ru ctUfi nd h p ,r10 l·c tructur and he perl dl,c
1
t DI
I
Topic 2 Bondlns nd structu1 Topic 2 Bond Ing
nd u, Topic 4 lnorganlc eh nd th
1
periodic tabl ,
TDpl o 16 Fonnu I , qustl n end amount Topic 5 Fo mule 1, uatlon nd amounts
or utl t nee or uo 1nc
TOplce
Topics 10 and 11 Eq ullll1rlum I nd II Topics 7 encl 1 Modern nalytlc I
1
nd II
lbplo 2 Aclo-bas qulllbrl
1bplc 5 iransltton n1etals
B th a r I .. nd - \Vill h. v~ 3 t J' 13 t I cnu lti ] '"J-ch ic qu tii n. 111.b ddcd in
r
l Jlg q u t i
l' l1
I
• P p r I, ts t r ... h ur 3. u1inut s n h s n1 i111un1 n1ark t" I It dr , s n
1
•
th 1 tir l ifi1,; tion and in lud 1 synopti .. gues· i10ns ~n 11.1u ation ·rh. t r ui
1
r U n und r t n in . of experin1 nt ,r c dun;: • p ci Hy \Vith r r r tu: t
lht; ore JH· ti .ds lht_d in tit spftL ,ratkn1.
1
H
hi bo 'k i n t int 1nd d t bt: · I b r cory nun1u L AH _._ rin1 _n c d~~ ·rih d
in this book h uld ri k n d y qu Jifi eh 1ni try t clu~r b
~
p rf rm d _ith r d u1 11strati ,n or 1 1cl s · r ti L
1 i
l r:it ry t r r n tnu gt be ·,,orn in . H xp ri1nent .
ei
I
I
Exa, technigu
Mark allocatio1t1
In ll th A l J J JJ rs th n1ark · r h rt f th u ti t i iv n in
I
hfa h • n1uch , 'tcr uicfo as to h ,; n1ucl , rite than he nunib r
line pr vid d f' r th JJuw r. I th r llrc ' n1 r ~ t~ o st· t 111cnts n1ust ," u1 d '.
•n troa uct11o n
r exL rnplo. if 'the questi n uk:s f r 'th , ndit1 11s for Jrticu l r r nc ti n ., ud
th r rf ' n1~rk . v· H.1bJ • tvv diffi r 11 , on lition, n1us·t b iv n~ h s Jv nt1
1 'U ,tl •
r "'U1ly t.
Alter1r1 _t ive a1n wers
, , Utll give, '. 'It rn~1tiv" n \V l"&. If nQ of chon, is wr 1 , th e ~nnin 1r ·win n t
L
ward ~1ny n1. rks r this p rt th qu sti n. If both n · iver are c rr et~ u u't1Nltl
I 1
r~ rh uu1rk. H ~v r~ ther L 1 p int in iskin 011 n ,\~ r in w . 1 .
1 ,v r 1 t ntr di '"ti u " u h J givin th r nt s 11 entr ted ulfuri
1
a kl .. n th u \•tritin I I:? (J ) in
4
Writing your an.swers
1
l de . A level r h n1htry , x:.uu s the ans\\rer!i re ,v ritt~t• the s ~u:a!i o,n th ,
tl ."'Ct.l ~ ~J i11
u . ti n l' p r. lt p rt of y ur na\vor is v ritten hc,vhcr n h pag . I rt th
- 1nin r by writin f' r ~uni l ~ "s b 1 w' l" • ntinue n - a m
[ .. J er will be 111 rk 11]in • s qu sti n p, p r nd nsw rs will b el ctroni Uy
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.inn d. r thi r n. it i t·~st·utiul n,,r tCJ u1t1re ,l urshit' 01.t (•r>r,J.:rs 1nark d . n
thi.: p
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Multipte-cho1lce questlons
1
Yi u n1u t put er ss in tho b x orresp ndin toy u.r h s n . ns,ver. lfy1 u chan e
1nind. l u t horiz nt~ I Hue th rou, h th ' rt ss . then rk: y ur 1u: ,v . r
yo1u 11 1113 ·11 S\Y
,i.: ith ~rou. ~ v r th t 01n qu gti n ~r~ ,. r 1ss d i n p: tivcs - tbr c.. n1 le.
·whi h t th t 11 wing i 11 t. .. ?'
ln nurn ric:L l n1ulti1 h:-ch1, i, qu 1ti ,ng. y uld ju;t w, rk out eh~ nsw r ttnd
then I t se \.Vhi "'h pti n is the sa1ne s ur Jnswer. ·rh nv ise. re d ,11 the
ot~tions. his ,viii h Ip , v kl b in . n1isJ d by ~ h Jf- 1 rr t r sp1 ,n ,.
Writ1n a tick or riass ~ftc thr ~nd Df Q:1ch rt:spons~ iaul I hr]p to foc us your 1niu L
y n "
Jf u find th t you hJv t,vo ti.. th 11 think 1'out ,vh.ich i r ~ th ,·orn:ct
r.
~1 rJS\\'
l y u .1. r,~ havh1s cl ffi, ulty with a u stion fut i l~irg rin around th qu gtj n
nuinb~r~ l , v it n o on t the ni.:./t qu 1tio1·1. 1 you h v thu • 0111 b ck ·~vh n
you hJ fiuish d sL?cti ns B and . R~:1:ncmbcr that y1ou should not rend n1ur
~
th n O 1uinut~ n the J 1ulti 1 eh ice s U in~ i. . ne _u sU n . v ry '' ~ g nds.
n1 qu s ion \ Hl t 1 1 tiu1c th n his n I oth1r~ ,vH] tik I n ~r. srLciaUy
1
if c: ntl u lrtti n is iuv ilved.
Co,rrection fluld red pen_ or pencil
1 1
r r
not use ny tho c. Mist kos sh uld be er s~ u t 11 Jtly b~ re ,vritinQ
n \V ,:n l'vl r. R d h1k and ,eu H \/ iH 11 t h up v hen ·th..: l1JJ ~r is ~,M~nu1 d
1 c tron ic a. Jl y.
Equation
u tions n1.u.,t 11"\v ys be b.1h_n c d. Word u d us n v r c r ~ any- 111 rk. .
Io ni. .. ~quations .111 ~ h,ilf-c.1q1rn t1ons nu1 t .1 l!io J 1a n o to1 "h~ r .
1
~t tc symb h mu t b includ <l:
if the qucstiot sks tor then1
n
- in th r111· 1ch ml al L.:gu ti 1u
- if a l r ~ipitt1 t -r as is pr due d
h ns f the syn ol [ ] n (HJ in l r, 1 ic ·id. . tion at d r ucti n r~ cti.on~,
ctivcly, i c p·t bl . , u· ti n u il1Q th yin 1 111u t e r pedy I uce .
ani fi rn1ut us I in gu 1·ri n~ n1ust 'be written in such u \Vl eh t th ir
str u c tu r s re u n n1 bi u u .
StabiUty
econd ry ~ rbocati 1n is t blo' h · no 1n nin . '.. t hiHty1 1nu t b 1u d ou ly
,vh n · :lml ariJ1g C\v st1c t 'S ir cw t of 111 I)· u n . y; u llrrv, to know n
underst. nd th diffi r n b t,v n th rm dyn~uuic t bility (A nd Eun) 11d
kin ti Stuliility (. - iv rion n "TRY ,an r t ft· ·ci n).
1
Graph
Norn1any~ th r is a 1nar fi r 1 t Uin th a Wh n k tc:hin a raph, 1nakc
'1,
un~ thJt any nun1b r n th x r n Jin r s · ]e. - h -r h sh1 uld S't rt t
tho rigl t place h v, th · c rr et sh p nd n t th right I c . Att X, n1pl . is the
_t
M~x\ ell-B ltzn1 11n dhtributi n,. \Vhich . t rt lu th risln, ds in l1 curv t1, J.
111 ximun1 n - t il ff ~ n yn1 t t t the :r .... i .
Diagra1m of apparatL!s
Ma le ur that ft nd , nd n r rci no dr f
I \Vt
, ], gg M ro. h ppu.n1tu1 n,u~t i.-v rk. h r n1u t ·
in the pp· r~uu . In Ji tHJati n~ th t p sh u1 b d
eh en j th nd ns r. F r heatin und r re ux, the co1i f th
b op n. N v r r ,v un n u n1 ,r ~ · h h:, t r. It i ahv y
el tt k:,a1 h . ' r,, in c·1s~ no { f th~ nt is fl n1111ublo.
10~1·
1
Read! tl1e qtte tion
u . ti ,11~ ar oft 11 v I y 'ilnil r t , but li Inly 11 11t fr nt~ tit g p1r vi usl,
i_ ik d. M , sure th t y u n \Vi.: r this y r s c_ ucsti u. n t ,I st y fg! - k t< r th
\vordr1. ·u in_ your :;nu·\ver. to .. .' or · henr. ... '. For c~ . 111pl -~ if rou li ve be n ;:isk d to
C Jcu] [ idatii n nu111b rs n re th n k d t "h nc ~ ~ J ill ,vhy thi i r~d x
1
r .-..,ti n\ y n ~w~r n1usr b in t rrns f ~h, n s in i tiou rnunb r .u1 not in
Lit
torm~ ot 1 ss r ain clc tr u1.
Qu lity· of wr1itten con1111unication
ho n1 ~t im art~ nt th 111 is or ' u to nv,ey th n1 n in lel rly~ .. ur,1tc ly 1n d
in I , i l1 or - r. Min r 11 Hin and 1. u11ccuati n err rs will 11( t be p naHs cl as
1
lo11s os tJu~y d 1 t diatorr the n1eanin9. N t~ ·rh subtJ dUfcr nee b t,v ~ n •nl re
u s tul ]Hsi us' ( tot J 111.un , r) lld ·n1or f th c lli i ns r su
(~ pr p rtiou f the nu111b~r).
•
uilibrium II (
I
t c ntplc tio1n1 .111 thers d f .r tio11
I I
r lbl r cti n. Phy i l h1n uch J. n ~re ho
11111 :
Br (l) ,.- Dr
( )
2 2
Wh n Ii uid broniin is n1i " ~ rith ir in a s l ant' in -,~ 3 yn tni quir rituu
b t'\Pl~ n th liquid an s LU broinin i r eh . u br inin t111 l cul s
n ns into th li uid at e.· tly th, s· n1 r t bron1in 111 1 ulcs v 1 r t
1
ft·· n1 th surf of the Jiqui .
n id r th s us r acti n:
I- 2l )
Wh 11 hydr1_ - in r n1i d in l nt~in r it t rnp ratu1 .
T. Jl d I u111 is cvontu Hy ~i.: ched. At thi p int. thort::
nc ntr~ti n f tho r ctants Jnd product~ but d1..::
Uq ui d bro mi n in eq ui Ii brium
he f r\v rd nd b ck r ntinui11
with ga ous bromine
11 hydr g n nd i din ,v &tu i by
d di ffi r nt m u nts of hydro~en nd iodh1 n d tile
~
uHibriurn t 4 t O • h y then tn sur th c nc ntnui n
th r,ee liU bst n J't quilibri111n and tri. d to -1nd a nllth j111atic:d r 'll:Hionshi1
bet\~ n U s, ei n ntr ti ill'\ p,i L'.1 re ult f r thi r sh ,vu iu bi LL
nd iodine
squ r brae keta aroiuna
t11e ym bol iof a sp c les
1
m n th concentr tlon. In
n101arn-'l. 01 tnat sub nc, ·•
y rn1
0.080 0.040 0.04:26 0.002 0.0748 675, 51
In a dyn mi q iii rimn, O.OBO O.OBO 0.018, 0.018 0.124 B3 47
o.o
the rs,te of the forwa~d 0.020 0.080 0-001D5 06 0.0389 2B6 50
1
and r verse rieaction ar
the ssm . Therefore. ,-h re h V lu jn th tiJ ] c: Jum11 re 11 tJ11[ t \Vl h1n , ~rin1 ~nt J err r • fi· nt
is no further eh nse in tht: &.c rc~ults, i r .1p 1 r& char:
the concen·tr tion of the
I 1;,
II
re, ctant end products. ___. ..,__ = ,ron tu1t
l1q [ l
[l-l2 12 ~