geopolitika aris mecniereba dedamiwisa da politikuri procesebis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb ...

54 Pages·2013·0.35 MB·Afrikaans

“The politics of astate lies on its geography”
Napoleon Bonaparte
“saxelmwifos politika mis geografiazegadis”
napoleon bonaparte
geopolitikis cneba
geopolitika, rogorc mecniereba aRmocenda XIX-XX saukuneebis
mijnaze. termini "geopolitika" pirvelad gamoiyena Svedma mecnierma
rudolf Celenma, romelmac aRniSna, rom geopolitika aris doqtrina,
romelic saxelmwifos ganixilavs, rogorc geografiul organizms an
sivrciT fenomens (movlenas). misi ganmartebiT geopolitika saxelmwifos
geografiuli gonia.
geopolitikis mravali ganmarteba gvxvdeba. erT-erTis mixedviT
geopolitika aris mecniereba dedamiwisa da politikuri procesebis
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb.
sxva ganmartebis mixedviT geopolitika aris mecniereba, romelic
swavlobs saxelmwifos sagareo politikis formirebaSi geografiuli,
ekonomikuri da sxva faqtorebis gavlenas.
orive ganmartebidan Cans, rom geopolitika swavlobs saxelmwifos
gare samyarosTan mimarTebaSi da misi mTavari amocanaa gamoikvlios
saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sivrciTi aspeqtebi.
sxvagvarad, geopolitika aris saerTaSoriso sivrciT aRWurveli
Zalaufleba.
XIX s-is bolos da XX s-is dasawyisSi paralelurad mimdinareobda
ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli geopolitikuri skolis, kerZod
germanuli organicizmis da anglo-amerikuli geostrategiis
Camoyalibeba.
organicizmis skolis damaarsebeli da geografiuli determinizmis
mimdinareobis fuZemdebeli iyo germaneli geografi fridrix ratceli.1
is Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT evoluciis darviniseuli Teoriis
mimdevari iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, msoflios istoriis ganxilvisas igi
emxroboda im ideas, rom ama Tu im xalxis xasiaTze da Tvisebebze
gadamwyvet rols geografiuli garemo TamaSobda.
1 fridrix ratceli (1844-1904). politikuri geografiis sulisCamdgeli. avtori
monografiebisa: “politikuri geografia”, "dedamiwa da sicocxle”, “SedarebiTi
dedamiwaTmcodneoba", "xalxTmcodneoba", "politikuri geografia", "antropogeografia".
fridrix ratceli dedamiwas ganixilavs, rogorc erTian cocxal
organizms, romelic mudmivad icvleba. msoflios istoria misi azriT
dasabams iRebs im momentidan, rodesac adamianma daiwyo zRvis aTviseba.
supersaxelmwifoebad is ganixilavda im qveynebs, romlebic zRvaze
batonobdnen, kerZod romi, espaneTi, inglisi. ratceli, aseve did
yuradRebas uTmobda msoflios klimatis zegavlenas xalxTa
ganviTarebaSi. man gamoyo adamianze klimatis zemoqmedebis sami ZiriTadi
faqtori:
 adamianis sulier da fizikur mdgomareobaze gadamwyvet
zegavlenas axdens sinaTle, siTbo, naleqebi, temperatura, qarebi.
igi Tvlida, teniani hava adunebs adamians, im dros rodesac
mSrali klimati nervul sistemas aRizianebs. amis gamo,
ratcelis azriT gansxvavebuli xasiaTi aqvT, frangebs,
romlebis cxovroben provansSi (xmelTaSuazRvispireTi) da
bretonels (atlantis okeanis sanapiro), Tundac texasels da
kaliforniels.
 klimati, Tvlida ratceli ganapirobebs xalxTa gadasaxlebas.
kontinenturi hava adamianebs momTabare cxovrebisaken ubiZgebs,
magram sakmarisia isini moxvdnen zRvis havis pirobebSi, rom Tavs
anebeben momTabareobas da iqve saxldebian.
 klimatze damokidebulia meurneobis tipi. islandiaSi, sadac
memcenareoba ver ganviTardeba mosaxleobam xeli mihyo
mecxvareobas da meTevzeobas. amerikis samxreT StatebSi, sadac
modis Tambaqo da bamba ganviTarda monaTmflobeloba.
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom fridrix ratceli mniSvnelovan
dazustebas akeTebda zemoT aRniSnul wesis mimarT. igi miiCnevda, rom
rac ufro maRali ganviTarebis stadiaze imyofeboda xalxi, miT ufro
naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeboda klimatis zegavlenas meurneobis tipze an
gansaxlebis adgilze. temperaturuli cvalebadobebi dadebiT zegavlenas
axdens adamianTa organizmze, im dros, rodesac tropikuli klimati
(weliwadis nebismier dros aq erTnairi temperaturaa) adunebs da
amZimebs adamians.
naSromSi “xalxTmcodneoba" germaneli mecnieri aviTarebs Teziss
imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebis cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebi:
Sroma, qorwineba, gadaadgileba da sxva mniSvnelovanwilad aris
damokidebuli im klimatur-geografiul garemoze, sadac isini cxovroben.
cxovrebis wesis meore mniSvnelovan faqtorad ratceli asaxelebs
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kulturas. igi Tvlis, rom sadac ufro maRalia sazogadoebrivi
warmoebis kultura, miT ufro maRalia mosaxleobis raodenoba da
simWidrove.
ratceli miiCnevda, rom veluri xalxebi ganwiruli arian
daRupvisaTvis ori mizezis gamo, kerZod TviTlikvidaciisa da ufro
maRali kulturis zemoqmedebis gamo. es orive faqtori erTdroulad
moqmedebs. misi azriT, rom kultura ufro Tavisufals xdis adamians,
ers. amasTan, igi dasZenda, rom adamianis, eris bunebis zemoqmedebisagan
mTliani ganTavisufleba arasdros moxdeba. rac ufro maRalia
kulturis done, miT ufro naklebad aris damokidebuli adamiani, eri
bunebriv procesebze da miT ufro harmoniul kavSirSia igi bunebasTan.
Zalze mniSvnelovania, imis aRniSvna, rom fridrix ratceli Zalze
frTxilad ekideboda geografiuli determinizmisa da organicizmis
Teoriuli debulebebis idealizacias. is mianiSnebda, rom saxelmwifos
cocxal organizmTan Sedareba mxolod analogiaa da sxva araferi.
albaT, amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti, rom ratcels arasdros
SeumuSavebia politikuri rekomendaciebi (Glassner: 1993: 224).
rudolf Celeni2 (Rudolf Kjellén) Tavs ratcelis mimdevrad Tvlida.
geopolitikas Celeni miiCnevda politologiis nawilad. Celens miaCnda,
rom geopolitika aris mecniereba saxelmwifos, rogorc sivrceSi
ganviTarebul geografiuli organizmis Sesaxeb.
Celenis mTavari Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo cocxali
organizmia emTxveva ratcelis analogiur ganmartebas. Tavis naSromSi
"saxelmwifo, rogorc cxovrebis forma" Celeni aRniSnavda: “saxelmwifo
aris adamianis cxovrebis calkeuli mxareebis xelovnuri konglomerati,
romelic Sekowiwebulia kanonTa safuZvelze. mas istoriuli fesvebi
sakmaod Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli, xolo realobaSi misTvis, rogorc
adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tendencia zrdisaken”. (Source)
Celenma wamoayena ekonomikuri ganviTarebis avtarqiulobis idea. is
amtkicebda, rom Zlieri saxelmwifo ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT
maqsimalurad TviTuzrunvelyofili unda yofili. Tu, qveyana garkveuli
2 rudolf Celeni (1864-1922) - Svedi politologi, upsalas universitetis profesori.
1899 w. erT-erT Sevedur JurnalSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi man pirvelma ixmara termini
“geopolitika”. misi umniSvnelovanesi naSromebia “saxelmwifo, rogorc organizmi” (1916
w.) da “saxelmwifo, rogorc cxovrebis forma”.
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nedleulis deficits ganicdida, am SemTxvevaSi, mas es danaklisi
koloniuri an vasaluri teritoriebis xarjze unda Seevso.
Celenma gaaanaliza ra kapitalizmis, kerZod saxelmwifo-
monopolisturi kapitalizmis ganviTarebis procesi da pirveli msoflio
omis Sedegebi ivarauda, rom germaniaSi adgili eqneboda
parlamentarizmis likvidacias da diqtaturis Camoyalibebas. gamodis,
rom germaniaSi nacizmis gamarjveba man didi xniT adre iwinaswarmetyela.
ratcelisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic saxelmwifos dabali
ganviTarebis biologiur organizmebs adarebda, Celens miaCnda, rom
saxelmwifo maRalganviTarebuli organizmia, romelic rogorc
nebismieri moazrovne biologiuri arseba ibrZvis arsebobisaTvis. am
brZolaSi, Celenis azriT moqmedebs bunebrivi gadarCevis principi, e.i. man
geopolitikaSi socialuri darvinizmis principi Semoitana. Celenis
azriT buneba mimdinareobs brZola arsebobisaTvis, xolo politikaSi –
brZola sivrcisaTvis.
Celeni ratcelis msgavsad miiCnevda, rom saxelmwifos brZola
sivrcisaTvis aris gamowveuli bunebrivi motivaciiT. Tu saxelmwifom ar
gaifarTova sasicocxlo sivrce, maSin is aRmoCndeba sxva saxelmwifos
agresiis subieqti. ers, Celeni ganixilavda, rogorc saxelmwifos suls
da miuTiTebda, rom erovnuli homogenuroba xels uwyobda saerTo
kulturis, identobisa da faseulobebis Camoyalibebas (Chapman, 2011: 17).
CelenisTvis saxelmwifos arsebobis umTavres pirobaa Zala. misi
azriT, Zala ufro mniSvnelovania vidre kanoni, radgan, Tu kanonis ukan
Zala ar dgas is ver aRsruldeba. saxelmwifo unda ganaxorcielebdes
aqtiur policiur funqcias. es idea disonansSi modioda im droisaTvis
sakmaod popularul liberal-demokratiul ideebTan. kerZod, liberali
demokratiis mixedviT saxelmwifo emsaxureba xalxis keTildReobis
ideas da ara piriqiT, ris gamoc saxelmwifos policiuri funqciebi
sakmaod SezRuduli unda iyos. sxvaTaSoris, Celenis idea saxelmwifos
gadametebuli policiuri uflebebis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT ganaxorcieles
bolSevikebma, rac saboloo jamSi imaSi gadaizarda, rom saxelmwifo ki
ar arsebobda xalxisaTvis, aramed piriqiT - xalxi saxelmwifosaTvis.
germaniis magaliTze, Celenma ganaviTara idea kontinenturi
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. misi azriT, evropaSi RerZis funqcias germania
asrulebda. mas upirispirdebodnen safrangeTi (aseve kontinenturi tipis
saxelmwifo) da sazRvao supersaxelmwifo inglisi. amis mizezad, Celens
is faqti esaxeboda, rom germaneli (rusebis msgavsad) eri axalgazrdaa,
xolo ingliselebi da frangebi ki Zveli erebi arian.
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pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebisa da versalis xelSekrulebis
dadebis Semdeg rudolf Celenma Camoayaliba globaluri geopolitikis
ganmsazRvreli sami geografiuli faqtori: teritoriuli zrda,
teritoriuli mdgradoba da gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba.
Celenis azriT, inglisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo gadaadgilebisa
(Zlieri flotis gamo) da teritoriuli zrdis SesaZlebloba (didi
raodenobis koloniebi), magram mis teritoriebs aklda mdgradoba,
radgan inglisis koloniebi gabneuli iyo mTel msoflioSi.
sapirispirod, ruseTs gaaCnda teritoriuli mdgradoba, radgan misi
koloniebi birTvis (metropolis) garSemo mdebareobdnen, garda amisa
ruseTi flobda uzarmazar teritorias, magram mas ar gaaCnda Tbil
zRvebze gasasvleli, Sesabamisad SezRuduli iyo gadaadgilebaSi.
1917 w. germanul enaze gamoica Celenis monografia “saxelmwifo,
rogorc organizmi”. am droisTvis ukve naTeli iyo, rom germania oms
agebda. miuxedavad amisa, Celenis ideebi saxelmZRvanelod iqca omis
Semdegomi periodis germaneli revanSistebisTvis. organicizmis,
Celeniseuli xedva popularuli gaxda 1920-30-iani wlebis iaponiasa da
italiaSic (Glassner: 1993: 224-225).
organicizmis Teoriis paralelurad, did britaneTsa da aSS-Si
viTardeboda geostrategiis samecniero-praqtikuli skola. misi
mamamTavri iyo amerikeli alfred meheni (Alfred Mahan)3. geograf-
deterministebisgan gansxvavebiT mehenma yuradReba ara imdenad
saxelmwifos arsisa da ganviTarebis Seswavlas dauTmo, aramed
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Taviseburebebis kvlevas da amerikis
mTavrobisTvis Sesabamisi politikuri rekomendaciebis SemuSavebas.
meheni Tavis kvlevebSi mivida daskvnamde, rom msoflioSi
gadamwyveti gavlenis mopoveba mxolod sazRvao superZalisTvis aris
xelmisawvdomi. misi azriT, vaWrobis da biznesis ganviTarebisTvis
sakmarisi ar iyo mxolod satransporto flotis arseboba. aucilebeli
iyo Zlieri samxedro flotiliis Seqmna da misi meSveobiT msoflios
sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi samxedro placdarmebis daarseba. mehenma
Camoayaliba 6 faqtori, romelic gansazRvravs qveynis Talosokratiul
e.i. sazRvao siZlieres. es faqtorebia:
3 alfred meheni (1840-1914 ww.) iyo sazRvao istorikosi, mwerali da aSS-is sazRvao
Zalebis admirali. man dawera 20-mde wigni, romelTa Soris umTavresia “sazRvao Zalis
gavlena msoflios istoriaze: 1660-1783 ww.” da “sazRvao Zalis gavlena msoflios
istoriaze: safrangeTis revolucia da imperia, 1793-1812 ww”.
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 geografiuli mdebareoba. gaaCnia, Tu ara qveyanas zRvaze
(okeaneze) gasasvleli. rac ufro met zRvaze (okeaneze) gadis
miT ukeTesia. mniSvnelovania, rom qveyana mdebareobdes ZiriTad
sanaosno gzebTan, sxva SemTxvevaSi am gzebis siaxloves mas
samxedro bazebi unda gaaCndes.
 sanapiros bunebriv-geografiuli xasiaTi. rogoria qveynis
sanapiro zolis konfiguracia? ramdeni mdinare Caedineba
zRvaSi? radmenad gamosadegia es mdinareebi sanaosnod?
sasurvelia, rom sanapiro zoli SeWril-SemoWrili iyos
ubeebiT, yureebiT, sruteebiT da is daqsaqsuli iyos
navigaciisTvis gamosadegi mdinareebiT. mniSvnelovania, rom
bunebrivi landSafti qmnides sanapiro zolis samxedro
Tavdacvis xelsayrel pirobebs.
 sanapiro zolis sigrZe. grZeli sanapiro zoli kargia
meTevzeobis da vaWrobis ganviTarebisTvis, magram is rTuli
dasacavia gareSe agresiis SemTxvevaSi.
 mosaxleobis raodenoba. mosaxleobis ricxovnoba qveynis
sazRvao siZlieris pirdapirproporciulia.
 erovnuli xasiaTi. xalxi mowodebuli unda iyos naosnobis
ganviTarebisTvis.
 mTavrobis pozicia. qveynis mTavroba unda avlendes keTil
nebas naosnobas ganviTarebis saqmeSi. qveynis xelisufleba
prioritets unda aniWebdes Talosokratiuli saxelmwifos
mSeneblobas (Glassner, 1993: 225).
meheni Zalze didi yuradRebas uTmobda aziaSi mimdinare movlenebis
analizs. jer kidev XIX s-is bolos is mivida daskvnamde, rom ruseTi
Seecdeboda CineTze da aqedan gamomdinare, wynari okeanis mTel
aRmosavleT sanapiroze kontrolis mopovebas. man, aseve
iwinaswarmetyvela, rom ruseTs am ideis xorcSesxmaSi did
winaaRmdegobas gauwevdnen didi britaneTi, germania, aSS da iaponia.
mehenma aRiareba moipova, aramarto, rogorc Teoretikosma, aramed,
rogorc praqtikosmac. misi politikuri rekomendaciebi moicavda Zalze
mniSvnelovan geostrategiul aspeqtebs. meheni daJinebiT urCevda amerikis
mTavrobas, rom SemoierTebina havais kunZulebi, gavlena moepovebina
karibis zRvis auzis qveynebze, gaeyvana srute, romelic daakavSirebda
atlantisa da wynar okeaneebs. prezident Teodor ruzveltis
administraciam gaiTvaliswina da ganaxrocila misi ramdenime
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rekomendacia. alfred mehenis naSromebi didi popularobiT sargeblobda,
ara marto aSS-Si, aramed iaponiaSi, germaniaSi da did britaneTSi.
geostrategiis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli iyo
helford makinderi (Halford Mackinder)4. is mehenze gacilebiT axalgazrda
iyo da misi moRvaweobis wlebi sarkinigzo transportis bums daemTxva.
rkinigzis swrafma ganviTarebam mniSvnelovnad Secvala ZalTa balansi
sazRvao (Talosokratiul) da saxmeleTo (Telulokratiul) qveynebs
Soris am ukanasknelis sasargeblod. makinderi, mehenis msgavsad, sazRvao
siZlieris apologeti iyo, magram, rogorc Wkviani mecnieri, is droulad
mixvda, rom XIX saukune ukve istorias Cabarda da axal saukuneSi
sazRvao saxelmwifoebs upiratesobis SenarCunebisaTvis daWirdebodaT
Tvisebrivad axali geopolitikuri xedvisa da strategiis SemuSaveba.
makinderma, rogorc geografma yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom XX
saukuneSi, saxmeleTo, upirveles yovlisa sarkinigzo transporti
saSualebas miscemda mTel rig qveynebs, rom maqsimalurad aeTvisebinaT
maT xelT arsebuli mineraluri da sxva saxis resursebi. am mxriv,
makinderis azriT, yvelaze didi potenciali evrazias gaaCnda. garda
amisa, makinderi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda regionis (qveynis) mdebarobas.
is amtkicebda, rom centraluri mdebareoba aris yvelaze xelsayreli
geografiuli mdebareoba. cneba "centraluri mdebareoba" fardobiTia.
naSromSi "dedamiwis geografiuli RerZi" (1904 w.) makinderma dedamiwa
dayo geopolitikur zonebad (teritoriebad). misi azriT, dedamiwis
geografiul RerZs warmoadgenda evraziis kontinenti. mogvianebiT
makinderma gadasinja pirvandeli koncefcia, garkveuli cvlilebebi
Seitana masSi da rac mTavaria “geografiuli RerZis” nacvlad ixmara
termini “parTlendi”, romelic dRemde farTod gamoiyeneba. harTlendi
makinderis mixedviT evraziis centrSi mdebarobs da am mdebareobis gamo
aris yvelaze xelsayreli teritoria, saidanac SesaZlebelia globaluri
gavlenis mopoveba.
4 helford makinderi (1861-1947 ww.) – ingliseli lordi. oqsforis universitetis
geografiis profesori da londonis ekonomikis skolis direqtori. 1920-1922 ww. -
inglisis parlamentis wevri, xolo 1920-1945 ww. - didi britaneTis imperiuli sanaosno
komitetis Tavmjdomare. misi avtorobiT Seiqmna umniSvnelovanesi monografiebi, maT
Soris: “istoriis geografiuli RerZi” (1904w.), "demokratiuli idealebi da realobebi"
(1919 w.) da “sferosebri msoflio da mSvidobis mopoveba” (1943 w.).
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makinders miaCnda, rom ukanaskneli ori aTaswleulis manZilze
harTlendi, rogorc geopolitikuri zona cvlilebas ganicdida.
feodalur epoqaSi harTlendi moicavda central azias, saidanac
xdeboda barbarosuli tomebis mier "civilizebuli" xalxebis dapyroba.
Tavdapirvelad amiT dakavebuli iyvnen alanebi da hunebi, xolo
mogvianebiT monRolebi. makinderi akeTebs daskvnas, rom evropuli
civilizaciis formireba moxda am barbarosuli tomebis winaaRmdeg
brZolis procesSi da, Sesabamisad evropis ganviTarebaze gadamwyveti
zegavlena swored aziam iTamaSa.
didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg msoflioSi Seicvala ZalTa
balansi. wina planze gamovidnen sazRvao saxelmwifoebi: portugalia,
espaneTi, holandia, safrangeTi, inglisi. XX saukunis dasawyisidan kvlav
icvleba msoflios geopolitikuri balansi da mTavar rols politikur
procesebSi isev kontinenturi saxelmwifoebi TamaSobdnen. harTlendis
sazRvrebi gaizarda, radgan sazRvao saxelmwifoebs ar SeeZloT didi
kontinenturi teritoriebis kolonizacia. amis gamo harTlendis
teritoria izrdeba da vrceldeba aRmosavleT evropidan wynar okeanemde.
harTlendi, romelsac sxvanairad "centralur materiksac" uwodebdnen,
moicavda aRmosavleT evropis nawils (ruseTis evropuli nawili),
kavkasias, centralur azias, cimbirs da aRmosavleT azias. harTlends
esazRvreboda teritoria, romelsac makinderma uwoda "Sida
naxevarmTvare" (dasavleT evropa, axlo aRmosavleTi, samxreT da samxreT-
aRmosavleT azia). da bolos, "gare naxevarmTvare" ("msoflio kunZuli"),
romelic moicavda orive amerikas, didi britaneTs, iaponias, afrikas da
okeaneTs.
XX saukunemde, zemoT naxsenebi samive zonis qveynebs Soris
erTgvari balansi arsebobda, radgan teqnologiis da gansakuTrebiT
satransporto saSualebebis ganviTarebis done jer ar iZleoda didi
teritoriebis dapyrobisa da maTi gakontrolebis saSualebas. magram XX
s. samrewvelo bumma, rac upirveles yovlisa axali tipis satransporto
saSualebebis Seqmnaze aisaxa, mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia msoflioSi
mimdinare politikur procesebze. makinderi miiCnevda, rom an situaciaSi
gaZlierdeboda ori kontinenturi saxelmwifo: ruseTi da germania. imis
gamo, rom ruseTi flobda did geografiul sivrces da bunebriv
resursebs misi perspeqtiva gansakuTrebuli iyo. makinderi fiqrobda, rom
momavali brZola msoflios batonobaze ruseTsa da ingliss Soris
warimarTeboda. es ideebi makinderma Camoayaliba mis axal naSromSi
8
"demokratiuli idealebi da realobebi", romelic 1919 wels Seiqmna. am
naSromSi vxvdebiT koncefcias, romelic mogvianebiT aforizmad iqca:
 is vinc flobs aRmosavleT evropas, "centralur materiksac"
daeufleba;
 is vinc gabatonebulia centralur materikze, msoflio
kunZulzec gabatondeba;
 is vinc marTavs msoflio kunZuls, mTel msoflios
daepatroneba.
1924 w. makinderma wamoayena hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac
harTlends dabalanseba xelewifeboda mxolod Sua (midlendis) okeanes,
ase uwodebda is CrdiloeT atlantikas. mas miaCnda, rom dasavleT
evropelebi da amerikelebi warmoadgendnen erTa erTobas, xolo maTi
gansaxlebis areals (sabWoTa kavSiridan wynari okeanis dasavleT
sanapiromde) man uwoda dasavluri civilizaciis mTavari geografiuli
sacxovrisi (habitati).
1943 wels makinderi aqveynebs monografias, sadac asaxulia is
realobebi, romlebic meore msoflio omis mimdinareobisas gamoikveTa.
man harTlendis axali sazRvrebi daadgina, rolebic daemTxva sabWoTa
kavSiris sazRvrebs. misi azriT, uaxloes momavalSi msoflio
harTlendsa da gare naxevarmTvaris saxelmwifoebs Soris axali
dapirispirebis mowme gaxdeboda. am dapirispirebis beds mniSvnelovnad
gadawyvetda is, Tu vis miemxroboda "Sida naxevarmTvare" (Glassner, 1993:
226-227).
makinderis Teoriis ZiriTadi Tezisebi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes
Semdegnairad:
 geografiul faqtorebs uSualo zegavlena aqvT istoriis
msvlelobaze;
 geografiuli mdebareoba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs
saxelmwifos siZlieresa Tu sisustes;
 teqnikur progress koreqtivebi Seaqvs saxelmwifoTa
"moqmedebis arealebis" geografiaSi; am progresis Sedegebi
gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT.
 evrazia warmoadgens globaluri politikuri procesebis
centrs.
makinderis naSromebma didi roli iTamaSa geopolitikuri azris
ganviTarebis mxriv. miuxedavad amisa, naTlad Cans maTi susti mxareebic.
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ingliselma mecnierma jerovnad ver Seafasa aSS-is potenciali da ar
miiCnevda mas momaval msoflio liderad. globaluri Zalauflebis
msjelobisas is gansakuTrebul aqcents sazRvao Zalebze akeTebda,
amasTan, mxedvelobidan gamorCa sahaero siZlieris mniSvneloba.
makinderi, Tavisi epoqis pirmSo iyo da mis msoflmxedvelobaSi
geografiuli determinizmis ideebi dominirebs.
makinders sicocxleSive bevri kritikosi yavda. maT Soris
gamoirCeoda nikolas spiqmeni5 (Nicolas Spykman). iyo amerikeli mecnieri,
romelic moRvaweobda am saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. spiqmenisaTvis
geopolitika iyo ara mecniereba, aramed efeqturi saerTaSoriso
politikis SemuSavebis analitikuri xerxi.
spiqmeni Tvlida, rom makinderna gadaafasa momTabare tomebis
zegavlena "Sida naxevarmTvaris" (Rimland) formirebaze. es ukanaskneli
spiqmenis azriT TavisTavad Camoyalibda. spiqmeni, aseve ar eTanxmeboda
makinders harTlendis sakiTxSic. is amtkicebda, rom harTlendi
Camoyalibda sazRvao zolidan wamosuli politikuri impulsebis
xarjze da ara piriqiT. spiqmeni makinderisagan gansxvavebiT Tvlida, rom
harTlends flobs is vinc flobs rimlends da ara piriqiT.
spiqmenma Camoayaliba saxelmwifos geopolitikuri siZlieris
gansazRvris 10 Semdegi kriteriumi:
 teritoriis sidide;
 sazRvrebis xasiaTi;
 mosaxleobis raodenoba;
 finansuri siZliere;
 ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done;
 wiaRiseuli simdidreebi;
 eTnikuri erTgvaroba;
 socialuri integraciis done;
 politikuri stabiluroba;
 erovnuli xasiaTi.
5 nikolas spiqmeni (1893-1943 ww.) – daibada niderlandebSi. daamTavra berklis
univeristeti. 1920 w. gaxda ielis universitetis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa
profesori. misi cnobili naSromebia: “amerikis strategia msoflio politikaSi” (1942 w.)
da “mSvidobis geografia” (1944 w.)
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