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Geopolitics, geography, and strategy PDF

298 Pages·1999·5.137 MB·English
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GEOPOLITICS, GEOGRAPHY AND STRATEGY Of Related Interest Geoproperty: Foreign Affairs, National Security and Property Rights Geoff Demarest Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity David Newman Military Power: Land Power in Theory and Practice edited by Brian Holden Reid Seapower: Theory and Practice edited by Geoffrey Till Airpower: Theory and Practice edited by John Gooch The National Security of Small States in a Changing World edited by Eti-aim Inbar and Gabriel Sheffer The Transformation of Security in the Asia/Pacific Region edited by Desmond Ball Security Challenges in the Mediterranean Region edited by Roberto Aliboni, George Joffe and Tim Niblock Regional Security in the Middle East: Past, Present and Future edited by Zeev Maoz Israeli Strategy after Desert Storm - Lessons of the Second Gulf War by Aharon Levran GGeeooppoolliittiiccss,, GGeeooggrraapphhyy aanndd SSttrraatteeggyy EEddiittoorrss CCOOLLIINN SS.. 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GGeeooppoolliittiiccss 22.. WWoorrlldd ppoolliittiiccss -- 11994455-- II.. GGrraayy,, CCoolliinn SS.. ((CCoolliinn SSppeenncceerr)),, 11994433--IIII.. SSllooaann,, GG.. RR.. ((GGeeooffffrreeyy RR..)),, 11995555-- 332200..11''22 IISSBBNN 997788--00--771144--6644999900--00 IISSBBNN 997788--ll--33ll55--0033883333--99((eeIISSBBNN)) LLiibbrraarryy ooff CCoonnggrreessss CCaattaallooggiinngg--iinn--PPuubblliiccaattiioonn DDaattaa GGeeooppoolliittiiccss,, ggeeooggrraapphhyy,, aanndd ssttrraatteeggyy // eeddiittoorrss,, CCoolliinn SS.. GGrraayy,, GGeeooffffrreeyy SSllooaann.. pp..ccmm.. IInncclluuddeess bbiibblliiooggrraapphhiiccaall rreeffeerreenncceess aanndd iinnddeexx.. IISSBBNN 997788--00--771144--6644999900--00.. --IISSBBNN 997788--11--331155--6688005533--88 II.. GGeeooppoolliittiiccss.. II.. GGrraayy,, CCoolliinn SS.. IIII.. SSllooaann,, GG.. RR.. ((GGeeooffffrreeyy RR..)) JJCC331199..GG448877 11999999 332200..rr22--ddcc2211 9999--3388117733 CCIIPP AAllll rriigghhttss rreesseerrvveedd.. NNoo ppaarrtt ooff tthhiiss ppuubblliiccaattiioonn mmaayy bbee rreepprroodduucceedd,, ssttoorreedd iinn oorr iinnttrroodduucceedd iinnttoo aa rreettrriieevvaall ssyysstteemm,, oorr ttrraannssmmiitttteedd,, iinn aannyy ffoorrmm.. oorr bbyy aannyy mmeeaannss,, eelleeccttrroonniicc,, mmeecchhaanniiccaall,, pphhoottooccooppyyiinngg,, rreeccoorrddiinn!!{{,, oorr ootthheerrwwiissee.. wwiitthhoouutt tthhee pprriioorr wwrriitttteenn ppeerrmmiissssiioonn ooff tthhee ppuubblliisshheerr ooff tthhiiss bbooookk.. Contents 1. Why Geopolitics? Geoffrey Sloan and Colin S. Gray I. GEOPOLITICAL THEORY AND STRATEGY: THE WORDS AND THE HISTORY OF IDEAS 2. Sir Halford Mackinder: The Heartland Theory Then and Now Geoffrey Sloan 15 3. Alfred Thayer Mahan, Geopolitician Jon Sumida 39 4. Air Power, Space Power, and Geography Benjamin S. Lambeth 63 5. Geography in the Space Age: An Astropolitical Analysis Everett C. Dolman 83 6. Understanding Critical Geopolitics: Geopolitics and Risk Security Gearoid 6 Tuathail 107 7. Geopolitics: International Boundaries as Fighting Places Ewan W. Anderson 125 8. Information Power: Strategy, Geopolitics and the Fifth Dimension David J. Lonsdale 137 II. GEOGRAPHY AND STRATEGY: GEOPOLITICS IN ACTION 9. Inescapable Geography Colin S. Gray 161 10. Weather, Geography and Naval Power in the Age of Sail N. A. M. Rodger 178 11. Some Thoughts on War and Geography Williamson Murray 201 12. Geopolitik: Haushofer, Hitler and Lebensraum Holger H. Herwig 218 13. 'Russia Will Not Be Trifled With': Geopolitical Facts and Fantasies John Erickson 242 Abstracts 269 About the Contributors 274 Index 277 Page Intentionally Left Blank Sir Halford Mackinder aged 72 in a 1933 portrait by Sir William Rothenstein. Frontispiece from Mackinder hy W.H. Parker (Clarendon Press 1982) by permission of Oxford University Press and London School of Economics (where the original portrait hangs) 1 Why Geopolitics? GEOFFREY SLOAN and COLIN S. GRAY The popularity of geopolitical theory from 1945 to the present has been rather like the length of hemline on a woman's skirt; it has fallen and risen with the vagaries of fashion. The current vogue can be traced to 1979 when Henry Kissinger published the first volume of his memoirs titled The White House Years. It was significant that this book made continual use of the term 'geopolitics'. This was important for two reasons: first, Kissinger used it as a method of analysis to combat the American liberal policies of idealism; second, it was utilised as a means of presenting an alternative to the conservative policies of an ideological anti-Communism. Kissinger claimed for geopolitics a synonymity with global equilibrium and permanent national interests in the world balance of power. He defined geopolitics as follows: 'by geopolitical I mean an approach that pays attention to the requirements of equilibrium'. The revival of the word 'geopolitics' by I Kissinger resulted in two discernible paths of development. 'It led, by example and reaction, to further reflection on global strategy in the geopolitical tradition. Secondly, and perhaps in the end more significantly, it popularized the word geopolitics, which entered the language in a way which it never had before, though at the substantial price of ambiguity and confusion of meanings.'2 This special issue of the Journal of Strategic Studies has two related aims. First to make a contribution to dispelling the ambiguity and confusion that still surrounds the term geopolitics. Second, to illuminate the relationships between geopolitics, geography and strategy, and to show how the practice and study of strategy requires a continuing exchange between history and theory. In essence, geopolitics is an attempt to draw attention to the importance of certain geographical patterns in political history. It is a

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