Geomorphological Mapping: Methods and Applications

661 Pages·2011·46.88 MB·English

by  Mike J. Smith

DEVELOPMENTS IN
EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES, 15
VOLUMEFIFTEEN
G
EOMORPHOLOGICAL
M
APPING
DEVELOPMENTS IN EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES, 15
1. PALEOKARST:A SYSTEMATIC STUDYANDREGIONAL REVIEW
P.BOSA´K,D.FORD,J.GLAZEKandI.HORA´CEK(Editors)
[OUTOFPRINT]
2. WEATHERING, SOILS &PALEOSOLS
I.P.MARTINIandW.CHESWORTH(Editors)
3. GEOMORPHOLOGICAL RECORDOF THE
QUATERNARYOROGENYIN THE HIMALAYA ANDTHE
KARAKORAM
JANKALVODA(Editor)
[OUTOFPRINT]
4. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY
M.PANIZZA
5. GEOMORPHOLOGICAL HAZARDS OF EUROPE
C.EMBLETONandC.EMBLETON-HAMANN(Editors)
6. ROCKCOATINGS
R.I.DORN
7. CATCHMENT DYNAMICS AND RIVER PROCESSES
C.GARCIAandR.J.BATALLA(Editors)
8. CLIMATIC GEOMORPHOLOGY
M.GUTIE(cid:1)RREZ
9. PEATLANDS: EVOLUTION AND RECORDS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATECHANGES
MARTINI,A.MARTINEZCORTIZASandCHESWORTH(Editors)
10. MOUNTAINS WITNESSESOF GLOBALCHANGESRESEARCH IN
THE HIMALAYA ANDKARAKORAM:SHARE-ASIA PROJECT
RENATOBAUDO,GIANNITARTARIandELISAVUILLERMOZ(Editors)
11. GRAVEL-BEDRIVERSVI:FROMPROCESSUNDERSTANDINGTO
RIVERRESTORATION
HELMUTHABERSACK,HERVE´ PIE´GAYandMASSIMORINALDI(Editors)
12. THE CHANGINGALPINE TREELINE: THEEXAMPLE OF
GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MT, USA
DAVIDR.BUTLER,GEORGEP.MALANSON,STEPHENJ.WALSHandDANIELB.
FAGRE(Editors)
13. NATURALHAZARDSANDHUMAN-EXACERBATEDDISASTERS
INLATINAMERICA:SPECIALVOLUMESOFGEOMORPHOLOGY
EDGARDOM.LATRUBESSE(Editor)
14. THE WESTERN ALPS, FROM RIFTTO PASSIVE MARGIN TO
OROGENIC BELT: AN INTEGRATED GEOSCIENCEOVERVIEW
PIERRE-CHARLESDEGRACIANSKY,DAVIDG.ROBERTSandPIERRETRICART
(Editors)
DEVELOPMENTS IN
EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES
VOLUMEFIFTEEN
G
EOMORPHOLOGICAL
M
APPING
METHODS AND
APPLICATIONS
MIKE J. SMITH
School of Geography, Geology and the Environment,
Kingston University
PAOLO PARON
SchoolofGeographyandtheEnvironment,OxfordUniversity,
UnitedKingdom&UNESCO-IHE,InstituteforWaterEducation,
Delft,TheNetherlands
JAMES S. GRIFFITHS
School of Earth, Ocean & Environmental Sciences University
of Plymouth, United Kingdom
Amsterdam(cid:129)Boston(cid:129)Heidelberg(cid:129)London(cid:129)NewYork(cid:129)Oxford
Paris(cid:129)SanDiego(cid:129)SanFrancisco(cid:129)Singapore(cid:129)Sydney(cid:129)Tokyo
Elsevier
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Firstedition2011
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11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Foreword xi
List of Contributors xvii
SECTION1: GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING 1
1. Introductionto AppliedGeomorphological Mapping 3
JamesS.Griffiths,MikeJ.SmithandPaoloParon
1. GeomorphologicalMapping 6
2. TechniquesofAppliedGeomorphologicalMapping 7
3. CaseStudiesinAppliedGeomorphologicalMapping 8
2. Old and New Trendsin Geomorphological and
Landform Mapping 13
HermanTheodoorVerstappen
1. TheAdventofGeomorphologicalMapping 13
2. TheDiversityofLegends 15
3. TheNeedsforStandardisationandFlexibility 19
4. TheUseofAerialPhotographsandSatelliteData 23
5. LandformMappinginSynthetic(Holistic)SurveysofTerrain 27
6. AppliedGeomorphologicalSurveyingandMapping 31
7. SummaryandConclusions 35
3. Nature andAims ofGeomorphological Mapping 39
FrancescoDramis,DomenicoGuidaandAntonelloCestari
1. Introduction 39
2. TypesofGeomorphologicalMaps 41
3. GeomorphologicalMapScale 43
4. NewToolsinGeomorphologicalMapping 49
5. ProblemsandEffortsinCurrentGeomorphologicalMapping 53
6. ExperiencesofGIS-Based,Object-OrientedMultiscaleGeomorphological
Mapping 58
7. ConcludingRemarks 64
4. Makers andUsersof Geomorphological Maps 75
PaoloParonandLievenClaessens
1. Introduction 75
2. GeomorphologicalMappingCharacteristics 76
v
vi Contents
3. MakersandUsers 78
4. ExamplesofNationwideMapMakers 80
5. Users 93
6. Conclusions 102
5. Geomorphological Contributions toLandslide Risk
Assessment: Theory andPractice 107
GarethJ.HearnandAndrewB.Hart
1. Introduction 107
2. LandslideSusceptibility,HazardandRisk 110
3. ExperiencefromIndustry 111
4. LandslideHazardandRiskMappingforRuralInfrastructure
PlanninginNepal 112
5. Sakhalin2PhaseIIOilandGasPipelineinRussia 120
6. LandslideMappingforLandUsePlanninginCyprus 126
7. Discussion 132
8. Conclusions 141
SECTION2: TECHNIQUESIN APPLIED GEOMORPHOLOGICAL
MAPPING 149
6. Geomorphological Field Mapping 151
JasperKnight,WishartA.MitchellandJamesRose
1. Introduction 151
2. ProceduresandProtocolsofGeomorphologicalFieldMapping 154
3. ExamplesofGeomorphologicalFieldMappinginUplandTerrain 161
4. Discussion 177
5. ConclusionsandOutlook 180
7. Data Sources 189
TakashiOguchi,YuichiS.HayakawaandThadWasklewicz
1. Introduction 189
2. AnalogueData 190
3. DigitalData 197
4. RecentTrends,ProblemsandFuturePerspectives 211
8. Digital Mapping:Visualisation, Interpretation
andQuantificationof Landforms 225
MikeJ.Smith
1. Introduction 225
2. MappingMethods 230
Contents vii
3. FileFormats 235
4. Visualisation 236
5. Quantification 242
6. Errors 245
7. Summary 247
9. Cartography: Design, Symbolisation and Visualisation
of Geomorphological Maps 253
Jan-ChristophOtto,MarcusGustavssonandMartinGeilhausen
1. Introduction 254
2. ElementsofCartographicMapDesign 255
3. GeomorphologicalLegendSystemsandMapSymbols 264
4. MapProductionandDissemination 276
5. GeomorphologicalMapsontheInternet 284
6. Conclusions 292
10. Semi-Automated Identification and Extraction of
Geomorphological Features Using Digital Elevation Data 297
ArieChristoffelSeijmonsbergen,TomislavHenglandNielsStevenAnders
1. Introduction 298
2. GeomorphologicalMapping 299
3. CaseStudyBoschoord(cid:1)TheNetherlands 310
4. CaseStudyLech(cid:1)Austria 320
5. ClosingRemarks 329
SECTION3: CASESTUDIES 337
11. Mapping Ireland's Glaciated Continental Margin Using Marine
Geophysical Data 339
PaulDunlop,FabioSacchetti,SaraBenettiandColmO'Cofaigh
1. Introduction 339
2. CaseStudy:MappingIreland'sGlaciatedContinentalMargin 342
3. TheGlacialGeomorphologyoftheNorthandNorthwestIrishShelf(cid:1)
DescriptionandInterpretation 346
4. TheGlaciallyRelatedGeomorphologyoftheNorthwestIrish
ContinentalMargin 351
5. DiscussionandConclusions 353
viii Contents
12. SubmarineGeomorphology:QuantitativeMethods
Illustrated with the Hawaiian Volcanoes 359
JohnK.Hillier
1. Introduction 359
2. CaseStudy:Hawaii 364
3. DiscussionandConclusions 371
4. SoftwareandData 372
13. Marine Geomorphology: Geomorphological Mapping
andthe Study ofSubmarine Landslides 377
AaronMicallef
1. Introduction 377
2. MarineGeomorphologicalMappingMethodology 379
3. Example:GeomorphologicalMappingandtheStudyoftheStoreggaSlide 386
4. Conclusions 391
14. The Cherry Garden Landslide, Etchinghill Escarpment,
Southeast England 397
JamesS.Griffiths,E.MarkLee,DenysBrunsdenandDavidK.C.Jones
1. Introduction 397
2. SiteTopography 398
3. SiteGeology 398
4. MappingMethodology 402
5. MappingResults:MainGeomorphologicalUnits 404
6. MappingResults:TheCherryGardenLandslide 404
7. GeomorphologicalInterpretation 409
8. Conclusion 410
15. The Application ofGeomorphological Mapping in
the Assessment ofLandslideHazard in Hong Kong 413
SteveParry
1. HongKongandLandslideHazards 414
2. NaturalTerrainLandslidesinHongKong 414
3. GeologicalandGeomorphologicalSetting 416
4. ApproachandMethodologyforLandslideAssessmentsinHongKong 419
5. ConceptualGroundModels 421
6. Site-SpecificFieldMapping 425
7. CaseStudy 426
8. Conclusions 439
Contents ix
16. A Geomorphological Map asa Tool for AssessingSediment
Transfer Processes in Small Catchments Prone toDebris-Flows
Occurrence: ACase Study in the Bruchi Torrent (Swiss Alps) 443
DavidThelerandEmmanuelReynard
1. Introduction 443
2. TheDevelopmentofaDynamicGeomorphologicalMappingMethod 445
3. ExampleofApplicationintheBruchiTorrent 450
4. Discussion 454
5. ConclusionsandPerspectives 455
17. Geomorphological Assessmentof Complex LandslideSystems
Using Field Reconnaissance andTerrestrial Laser Scanning 459
MalcolmWhitworth,IanAndersonandGrahamHunter
1. Introduction 459
2. StudyArea 460
3. FieldLandslideMapping 462
4. TerrestrialLaser-ScanningSurvey 464
5. Conclusions 472
18. Digital Terrain Models from Airborne Laser Scanningfor the
Automatic Extraction ofNatural and Anthropogenic Linear
Structures 475
RutzingerMartin,HöfleBernhard,VetterMichaelandPfeiferNorbert
1. Introduction 475
2. RelatedWork 477
3. Method 479
4. DataSetandTestSite 481
5. Results 483
6. Conclusion 486
19. Applied Geomorphic Mappingfor Land Management in the
RiverMurray Corridor, SE Australia 489
ColinF.Pain,JonathanD.A.ClarkeandVanessaN.L.Wong
1. Introduction 489
2. PreviousStudies 492
3. Methodology 494
4. Results 495
5. Applications 500
6. Conclusions 503