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406 Pages·1977·21.12 MB·English
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Geometric Greece Geometric Greece J.N.COLDSTREAM METHUEN First published in 1977 by Ernest Benn Limited 25 New Street Square, Fleet Street, London EC4A 3JA and Sovereign Way, Tonbridge, Kent TN9 1RW This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. First published as a University Paperback in 1979 by Methuen & Co. Ltd 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE © 1977 J.N.Coldstream Book designed by Kenneth Day Maps by Kenneth Clarke ISBN 0-203-47278-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-78102-3 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0 416 72840 5 (Print Edition) All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Coldstream, John Nicolas Geometric Greece.—(University paperbacks; 680). 1. Civilization, Greek 2. Greece—Antiquities I. Title II. Series 938'.01 DF77 79–40749 ISBN 0 416 72840 5 Preface This book is the fruit of numerous pleasant visits to Greece in pursuit of things Geometric. Through the kindness of the Greek Archaeological Service and the Directors of the foreign Schools and Institutes of Archaeology in Athens, I have been privileged to see many important reserve collections. For facilities of study I record my deep gratitude to the Managing Committees of the British School at Athens, and of the Institute of Classical Studies in the University of London. I have benefited greatly from the expert advice of many colleagues, although the responsibility for all statements and opinions in this book remains mine alone. In particular I thank Mr Vincent Desborough, Dr Reynold Higgins, Dr Vassos Karageorghis, Mr David Ridgway, and Dr John Salmon for their helpful comments on various parts of this book. I am especially grateful to Professor George Huxley for reading the entire work in typescript and in proof, and for saving me from many errors and inaccuracies. My warmest thanks are also due to former and present members of Ernest Benn Limited: to Mr Stuart Rossiter who suggested the writing of this work, and to Mr John Collis for his skill, patience, and understanding in seeing the manuscript through the press. I dedicate this book to my wife, who has appraised each chapter as it was written, and has given me constant encouragement at every stage. Bedford College, J.N.C. London 5 To Nicky Contents PREFACE 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 11 ABBREVIATIONS 13 INTRODUCTION 17 I THE PASSING OF THE DARK AGES, c. 900–770 B.C. 1 ISOLATION: THE EARLY NINTH CENTURY 25 Attica, 26. The Argolid, the Corinthia, Boeotia, 35. Euboea, Thessaly, Skyros, the Northern Cyclades, 40. The Dodecanese, 45. Crete, 48. Conclusions, 50 2 THE AWAKENING IN THE MID-NINTH CENTURY 55 Athens, 55. Lefkandi, 63. The Levant and Cyprus, 65. Cos, 68. Knossos, 68. Thorikos, 70. Conclusions, 71 3 CONSOLIDATION: LATE NINTH TO EARLY EIGHTH CENTURY 73 Attica, 73. The Argolid, the Corinthia, Boeotia, 81. Thessaly, Euboea, and the Cyclades, 87. The Levant, 92. Eastern Greece, 95. Crete, 99. Conclusions, 102 II THE GREEK RENAISSANCE, c. 770–700 B.C.: REGIONAL SURVEY 4 ATHENS AND ATTICA 109 Pottery: the Dipylon Master and his Successors, 110. Burial Customs, 119. Gold Diadems and Other Jewellery, 123. Bronzes, 126. Ivories, 130. Conclusions, 132 5 THE ARGOLID, ARCADIA, LACONIA, AND MESSENIA 140 Argive LG pottery, 141. Argive Architecture and Burial Customs, 145. Argive Metalwork, 146. Argive Seals, 151. The Argolid: Conclusions, 152. Arcadia, 156. Laconia, 157. Messenia, 160. The Southern Peloponnese: Conclusions, 162 7 8 CONTENTS 6 CORINTH AND WEST GREECE 167 Corinthian LG and EPC (Early Protocorinthian) Pottery,168. Corinthian Burial Customs and Architecture, 174. Corinthian Metalwork, 174. Corinthian Ivory Seals, 177. Phocis, 177. Achaea, 180. Elis and Western Messenia, 181. Ithaca, 182. North-west Greece, 184. Conclusions, 186 7 EUBOEA, BOEOTIA, THESSALY, AND THE CYCLADES 191 Euboean LG Pottery, 192. Euboean Architecture and Burial Customs, 196. Euboean Metalwork, 198. Euboea: Conclusions, 199. Boeotian LG Pottery and Terracottas, 201. Boeotian Fibulae and Other Bronzes, 202. Thessaly and the North, 206. The Western Cyclades, 209. The Northern Cyclades, 210. The Central Cyclades, 213. Thera, 216 8 ITALY AND SICILY: TRADE AND COLONIES 221 First Generation: Early Exchanges with Etruria and Campania, 223. Second Generation: Pithecusae and Cumae, 225. Third Generation: the First Sicilian Colonies, 233. The Settlement of the Straits of Messina, 237. The Achaean Colonies, 238. Taras, 239. The Western Phoenicians, 240. Conclusions, 241 9 EASTERN GREECE AND ANATOLIA 246 Rhodian LG Pottery and Terracottas, 247. Rhodian Burial Customs and Metalwork, 250. Cos, 252. Samos, 253. Chios, 257. Caria, 258. Ionia, 260. The North-east Aegean, 262. The Anatolian Hinterland, 264. Conclusions, 267 10 CRETE 271 LG Pottery, 271. Burial Customs, 276. Settlements, 277. Sanctuaries, 279. Jewellery, 281. Bronzes, 281. Conclusions, 288 III LIFE IN EIGHTH-CENTURY GREECE 11 THE RECOVERY OF LITERACY 295 12 TOWNS AND VILLAGES 303 13 SANCTUARIES, GODS, AND VOTIVES 317 Sanctuaries: Altars and Temples, 317. The Gods: Problems of Continuity, 327. Votive Offerings, 332. Conclusions, 338 14 RECOLLECTION OF A HEROIC PAST 341 The Circulation of Epic Poetry, 341. Hero-cults, 346. ‘Heroic’ Burials, 349. Heroic Scenes, 352. Conclusions, 356 CONTENTS 9 15 ORIENTAL INFLUENCES 358 16 EPILOGUE 367 GLOSSARY 371 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SITE INDEX 373 GENERAL INDEX 393 Charts FIG. 94 Comparative Table of Phoenician and Early Greek Alphabetical Scripts 297 FIG. 116 Time Chart for the Geometric Period 385

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