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PPipagarion Alon Sconce Cormmancaion 77 Geomagnetic Studies in the 19" Century British India Introduction Geomagnetism, formerly called terrestrial snagnetism, isthe branch of seienes hat deals withthe fil magnetic eld ubserved or its surface, win it fad extending upward wo the magnotosphere oundary, Presence of eurh's magnetic fied was lon fo the Chinese about 4000 years ago. They hhoweret, tok help Gora earth's magnetic Geld for navigation about 1000 years ago, only aber inventing magietiscompass The dicection and strength of earth's magnetic field can be measured atts surface. Its several femporents, suck as to18l intens ts. lorizontal Snensiry, vertical intensity. decling.ien and flination. Horizontal Intensity and. Vertical Tntersity ave vespectively horizontal and vertical somporents of toial magnetic intensity of earths Tngiete field. Magnetic Declination is the thifeence between the Tne Mevdians and the Maenetie Merigians. Uhisdiffereee fleets the tilt fins carts magistie eld with respect initsaxisof futatin. Since the magnatic poles and axis of Inlation donot exactly coincide, compass nevles a pt in eae trae Nosh at mast stax inthe northern Hemisphere, ot trac South al most sites in the outa kemisphere, While miggnctic declination yas ds-eemined in China about 1000 yoers ago, in Turope the concept of declination was know ic carly fifteenth century, The first precise hheasurement of declination was mado by Geonse Harmen (1459-1568), a Gorman Astrencmer in [ll in Rome, Magnetic Incination (ipl is the sung thatthe eorsagnetie ale istltee with espect te the surface of the Lath, Magnetic inclination ‘anes from 90° (perpesvwtar tothe surface) at the netic poles 01 {parallel tothe surfaee) a he fhagnetie equator, Magaeric di9 was first described fy Rover Norman, a magnetic compass maker in London ia 158], There are three ways by shich temporal variations of Earth's magnetic fled occur ind tn sn alleet exploration magnetic susveys 60 fhiferont extent, Sevulay Variations are long-term Sarfions of Farts magnetic Feld that nccur slowly vera aeriod oF few yeurs. Diurnal Variations nceur ver the course of a day. Magnetic Storms are Magnotic activides qssocieted with enhanced unspot activities. During magnstc storms, ears nagnotcfielbecomesirregular fayanta Sthanopatt The European Scene : From Gilbert to Gauss Syste-natic work on geo nggnetism bezan with, the peblietion at William Gilben's De Maggnete, que Casparits, of de Magn (Ontie Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, herent Magne tie Bath ip 10C. Wiliam, (US44-1603) ns an English physician and satural phiosopher He condye-ed aris experiments vith Sal wignstic needles uma. small spxerical ipusions (his model earthy called the terrsla, Fromm Experimental remus, he coveluded that the Each iisereasa aiantlocdstone, Rens’ Desoartes (1596-1650), a French shilosopher, mathematician and physieist gave the Fist ilusition of < siggnetie cid in his bock Principia Phiosopiice (Prineiples of Pilesi>ty) i ‘624 Tle bolewed that be earth's magnetic Held was caused due tostreams of sks shape tiny helial particle, which civewated through parallel troaded Poresin he magnet, They entered the magnet through {he Seuth pole and earns our fromthe Nosthpale. his theory remined in force unl the early winatocnsh fertury. Tilman Halley (1686-1742). an English stonomer, geopkysicist, meleorolueist. physic tind raternaliign, wasa pioneer af loa magnetic Survey. In 1683, he proposed thal the ea-th consisted btian inner shee aad an outer shell, both rotated at tifleront speeds az had independent worthand south Doles He opined that due &> meractuons berween hese four poles, warasion 'm deciiauion sud dip Secured. Betwsun 1693 and 1700, Halley sae the Atlantic to messi variations in declination and Sharted thom om # map. In 1800, French piwsie.st Gharles Aut slin Coulesnd (17361806) and French mmathematisian Sins Denis. Poisson (1781-1840) "eset distance forces Fesu tings Tom Mids locked inmagnstisubstances However, during 19° contr, German naturalist fand explore, lesander von Hursholt (165-1859), Nonvegian geupiysicist, Christopher anste2n (78u-1873) and” German rathemasieian Carl rican Ciuuss (1777-1885) lio tale relationstip ewer data, theory and rathemateal analysis it Studies in forestria maggetins [1 188, Hurabo' dt Feported eiat magnetic intensity varied across he ‘ls surface To plo these veeations he enouraued the slahlisimests 0° a network of magneic fobservatories, In 1834, Coluazen Megnetic Uni Suggested recording “of simulliancaus magnesie Sbservations at sl salons, including sis Asia (Christopher Hanstcer travelled Siberia around 1850 78 P- eepagation Aout of Sie Coen for geonagnetic investigation. The expedition Iranpht tres ies nd tne cvideree to gcosnegnslic stucies. In 1830s, Gass ane Wilelm Weber C1804. 1891) did extensive magnerie meastrewents and launched Magactsohe Verein tmagaete univ) to csiablish a network. of magnetic. abservatories ‘worldwide. In 1858, Gauss opined that the Earths magnetic source i at ur very near its ceatre. With su baek drop. geomagnetie studies comaienced i Tinka, The Indian Scene: From Taylor to Moos \Whilesrtiiss on geomagnetic stusies in the 19° cong, gees sel Ama en sem sich stash From an exhtative sus of the Tteraure on studies in mages in India. nenveen Tssiland "ONO" it wantin thet out of 633 “esesch papers on gcomagnetisin. published up to 1AM. 35 Feporis were or studies in gevzmagnetisry in Britsh Ina, ebvering thtee tajar reas ~ Lars magnetic Field geomagnetic. varictions and. magnetic texplnaion. These studs were earced on pisatily bby Futopea aad an indian researcher ‘The ist mode astronomical obsersatery in India as established se Mackas (aos Chem) in 1792, by the East ia Compaay. Thomas Glan ‘Tayles (SD4- 1848) of Royal Greens ch Observat Lindon headed Macias Olscteatty, dung 1848, as an Astronomer ofthe Cast nis Company. A survey ef published works on magnet studios in tna revealce that Taylor ws he Cstrescercher in Indian ‘uhiish la on geomagnetic stuckes In hs short paper hemi, "Netting Ue value wh eh ho ae dears eon atachd to bservaiors of the Machete Dinan ete im believes stat, ha the ‘whole of Bish nc has fed ta pat on tecore a ny cxpecmeats to bis nd He made Observations ofthe magneie dip and inérsity atthe Madras Otwervstory stated Long. fhe 21m. 768 Bas of Grecnw ely and Lat, 13°44" 3N. on the Apel 1839. lis bseraten. stowed thas eta inggnetiedp wane’ 52 30% cutedifeeoesiomS'1S1N wich was’ vecocded a” Madiss by “Abercrombie {unpublished test) in 1775, Taylor thus conch tha the magnetic dip was om merase he ate of 54" int yet, Tayor lft Madras on 73° July 1897 lo meet Jorn Caldevot (1861-1849) an English wi later >ccame Directoy of Travanecre Observatory at Irwandnim ine Thiusanantapanr). Calcoot cametoIncain L824 tom clad and assaying ih Bomtay (row Numba). lv 1831, fe ets appoted Comoe Agent an Maser at aleppeyas uti (adc hs banal’ at Alwoye et 3 han NE of Cochin, he Pues absevatory ith his pemshie asinnemical soutmanente The Travancore Doservatory was founded Fy Raja Ram Varna (Sei Swathi Tirsmal) in 1837, Caklecor stared fsronorical obsoratiin om “he obveratory te Same wear Cldacot and Tayler rade sort soomsanctic surveys at Negapatam, Manaragoody, shea Pondiererry, Poothacoitah, Munimamelspondy Kalenemary, Cellet, Pecaney. Cheswave, Hoja allepoe and “Tvanciun between? August ar 20 Nosemher 1837", butte ess were net publisied in any scinbtie outa, Tasler, huwever as sore imtecestal in asnoramisal obsevains, Whalen ado betwee INS1 and 18/2, heressuted ie positon af more thas 11009 sts aod pubs ls cvervagons it 5 volumes. Primary Tor this onbutor, Taplo ns lected a Fallow a ne osu Seca of Lorton 1842 John Cakioo, an 13 wer hand, while in Land in 1838, carte tw know about the’ plan of Bris Govemment tose ypa worldwide network of magic observatories, He artanged i buy 2 set of msentic Sssrements fons Grubb of Dublin t stp at lbserviory a Tvandnun. Raja of Tavencorg, Swath ‘Tinumal took koen test t-neoducton of Furopcan serie ideas ir hisestaie and provided necessary firs 1 sex up maguolic al inetearologial ebsoraeary at Trang in. 141, Unfortunately resis of tie ‘hservatins uf Caldscett were nove: plished In 1840, Joho Caldecutt was clostsd a Fallow of Royal Asttanomial Secety of Lerdon, With an ais lo cary fut magnetic survey of Indi. Captain 1A. Fras Survey of India voted Furope fo T8E1 For azuuining Prelizunary Knowle on maymetic s-veys ad ls 6 ‘dently necessary insrumerts During “841-1845 Sia, Observatory recorded magnetic date, I however sfiscostinued measurersents om 1 Tohn Allin Broun (1817-1879), Scottish meteorologist rade significant contribution fn Ie Field ff peninapnesic studies whan he was Director of the Trivandium Gbservatory ding 1852865. Bran al previous experienoe af swnrking 2s Diwetor ul the Dmgnete cbservacey at Makersnun in Seorkin! Gm 1842 t 1849, He believed thatthe Fart loses or gaits ‘magnetic intensity not locally but as a wae ane aso Tour that sola deity sau! roagmete dis bance His teseareh communications trom ‘T-vandeum Observatary descnbed studies oman Inge seclration, berizomial free of the Fansite Hed, Aiumal varation of magacte design ele He was lect aFelloweaftae Royal Sceety fT -ondunin 1833. sfenry Piddiagton (1797185%) an Foetih sciomist, sa olfical vf Fast india Company” and President ‘of Marine County of Calcutta, while ‘oncucting magnet e studies al Seuzor in SundelAhand tn TS49 noticed a very remarkable ceviaior of the ling O° a pristale. surveying compass, He conchided thet presence uf highly rasgnetc diotite ‘rein Ti locally was responsible for such an Unespectd resin, im sm eleboumte article, Pdingion, nn 851, pavean account of stedies on variation or rite ot ch-orometers installed in shpps due to terest Iagnetim "He seratesnany research papersin diverse Pe; Da gation ek ke minercogy and meteorology, am the Journal Ul the Asiatie Sooty. Bengal The East India Company, ou the ceeunnendation, of Gorman natucal'st and explorer Alcxander vor Fumbolde, commissioned ‘Tree Clerman brothers Ecrmane’ Seblagintwelt (1826-1862), Adolphe Schlapiniveit (7429-1857) and Raber Sebaginswet USEIN85) to cary ont aoommpratic survey in India, Schlapinsveit rachers were setentiic exploles. and ret collecor. of namml zoological, oranies. and {ological specimens. Taey arivec in Bombay on 20 etober ISS anc fr th hee yes travelled in ‘ous pars ofthe coustny, sometimes m sompany ane Sometities Separately. Hermann mace magnetic fservatins af Sikh, the Rhowia Hills nd Acsaty fenceh April and Desemier 1855 which fe wed Suies 0° magnetic dip and eeieal “orze of Farts risen. Hetveon January and May 1886, Vermann Ines maynetieobscevations at Narigoos it Bh at Tein, Dinronzarh and Gowhatty in sear, at Daca and Koln in Fest Rengal. at enatas,Tucknew. Agra and Meant in Untar Praccsh and also at Caleutia, He Inessuredrsagnete dip are elination at these aces Robert conducted -mapierie. surveys. at Shapore, ‘Mooltan, Shikapore, ‘Sehivar, Kurracht end Bhoo} beswoon Docomber 1856 and Waych 1833. Adolphe Schlagintwet ented aut magnetic studies at Aura, Seugkor, Dumeh, hubbutpore, Nagi south of Nagpore), Rujanundiy, Poudivery. Cotscarmund and Bangalore betweun November 1885 and Apel 18S. During ime petied, Robert carried. out mogiecie and ieicomlosicnl stucies et bbulpors,Umeccustie ils, Raymeergush Hill, Naku asd Simla Rosort and Adelphe jointy conducted magnetic survey’ from April Sp Ournber 1835 at Honazas, Nyce Tal Baer math «Miu, Nara, Nelong, Ussila ind Mossoorie. Together Sih the magneie: surveys, Schlapintwek orarhers Silvays made meliculous oservation of temperate, Shslue of the almosphere dination of wind et, fen) sie" ler eomlhon nt their assignment, “Hernan od Rober: returned Io Europe in ea'y 1837 s Adele seuuined to prosecute his expleraions i= | Cengal fsa, aut was pat t death by che Amr of | Kashar in China in August (857. Hermann an Robert Sfaoisued a four volume repo tiled “Resuls of CCrentife Mision to India and High Aria between 1860 ad 1856 Colabs Observstory, located on the island of * Colsbs sar Borrbay, was sstablisted in 1826 by the iS Thdia Company for astronemical observations Sand time-kseping. purposes to. provide necessery ‘intonation {> ships using ‘Bombay asa. per Magnetic and meteorelogical studies sore started at Pe oservatory in 184). Arthur Bedford Olea, 3 sPiovessor af Astronenty. at Elphinstone. College, SForvbay conducted studies in gournaus tin at Wie | servations intermitenly betveen 184 ad 1843" Brom 84, when the observalory was properly & equipped, i started regular mapnelie measurements | Chats Chambers ss appointed as the first fulle 79 ‘me Superintendent of Colaaa Observatory 16. He equipped the aaservaiory. with avtogeaphic instruments for continuous reco-ding of magnet sid meteorological ebser vations. Beiyeus 1869 1893, he contribsted eleven papers" on terresteal magni, He investignied the solar variations of ‘magnetic feclinatvon at Bombay, abso ute direction Bod intensity of Parth'smagetic Farce oul its secu fad anaual variations, secalar variations of magnetic dip at Borabay during the years 1867-1893, et. He ‘vasa Felloworthe Reyal Society of London Ader the demise of Charles Chambers ia 1896. Dr. Narabhl Ardesker Framyi Moos (1859-19361, 4 Dociar of Science of Edizburai University. was Appointed asthe Uizector af Colaba Observatory. Le wes the fitst Indian ( bold this position Ue Sontinged search in geomagnecism ‘or neatly 24 years, Tn 1896, he “gave an uecount 0 Predecessors in © publivitien titled “Fify ye frognelie’ and relearologiesl “obsercations. st amas". Nos fa shui te potters 0 hostly variations of deelisation sad horizontal ane verti Totees en selected quiet dass forse periods 1895-97, 1898-99, 1900-1901 and 1901-1905. His most Smportsit publication ‘was on “Colaba. magnetic fobservitions: [846-1905" into Darts, published by Goverment Unservatory, Hombay m1 the frst part of tie resort described the ma fobvervadms and insteumen s use, the second part ushononan wd ivussion on He was a Fellow of the Reval the ebservatsons" ciety of Edinburgh, in 1900, asthurites of Colaba ragnote observatory came 6 know that electrical action would be instoduced in fe ei of Bombay Sonn which might dishith magretie abserva fons Tre abservatory was shifled io 8 new Iocation a Alibag, about 31 kin south-east of Bombay. Siuce 1941 the Alibag Magaetie O>servatocy has provided uuninterupted recerd of goomungneticbservatin. Gomagnetjc studios and surveys were of gre Smportanes in 19" ans 20° Cemury British Ind and also in iedependent India, The arias of Est’ fagrete Held, hossever, roams. # on stating sac and sede nol Pave ey seope ts dsess on hat opie inthisactite Acknowledgment The author is thaukful to Dr Mita Chaterze, Libracizh of The Asia Soviety, Kolkata fr providing support In searching old Iizrature on geomagnetic studies in India and te Dr. Superya Mond, Reale, Dept, of Geologist Sciences, Jaaypur Univemiy fo helpful discussion during preparation ef drut igneseripso" Ue present uel 80 Py: pagation References 6 Needham, Soseph China (An abmidsenont hy Ca in A Rona) sa 2.15304, Cembridge, 981 Stern, David PA Millennium ef Guru Reviews of Geopiysies, 0, 30,2002 Cawood, Johe, Temestist Magus and the Declines rstonal Chaps the Fay NinigentuC antag Annalsot Soi 32, 551-587, 1977 ™ Goud, Gregory A, Goomeneties ard Seismic Insiiiens. in the 19" Century Amotiea, Trassactions of the American ‘Geophysics nln, 6, 521-526, 1985 Sen SN. and Chatorjoe Satiaay, A Biblioarapliy of Physics, Astron Astroyiyses and Geophysics 1800-1950 {Untoduction. Indian ural of History sf Scienvo, 27, 81-87%, 1992 Stbanapati,Jayanta sad Sex, SN History of Magnetic Studies in odin” T8SGL1980 A, Bibliography, Indian. Joumal of Ilsory. ef nee, AL, SH-S204, “008; 31, S208 8398, 198 Ananthasubramanian, C.K, The Madras Observatory 1792-1931, leurmal of the Rovsl Astronomical Society of Canad, 85, 97-106, ion 0. SthanapatiJandSenS.N. 1995, 0p. ci, p40 “Taylon T G. Observation ofthe Masncte Dip and Invensiy a Madras, Jeumal afte Ate Sociol, G34 377. 1RS? Walling R, Jobn Caldecon, FRS Astonomer ‘and Geomagnetician [ips Wr indiatorlonps comyakteco:. fn) History of Goomaanetism [mips gansbanGsomagnetso. Histrim) SthanapaliJ and Seas N..09.¢it,p40-41 Sthanopalil and Sens N.,op. cit, p40 Armitage, G., The Schlagintyeit Cllestons, Indisa Journal uf History of Seen, 24. 67-83, 1939 Sthanapiad J and Ser$.N op. itp? Schisginoweit Hemrann and Seblaginewest Rober, Restle of a Scientife Mission to Inia und High Asa, Nol. 14, Leipiy, INIA S04 Indian Insitute of Geomagnctism, [ee fam.es inigwebsincex php 185) Sthanapati Tard Sen S. Nop. eis pA’ 49 Sthanapati Jad Sen S.., 0p. ef pia J] De cay Stent, Depry Destor Genera, National Camel of Seienze Vseums, Kolkzt