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Geology in Petroleum Production: A primer in production geology PDF

248 Pages·1985·7.044 MB·ii-xiii, 1-239\248
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Preview Geology in Petroleum Production: A primer in production geology

DEVELOPMENTS IN PETROLEUM SCIENCE Advisory Editor: G.V. Chilingarian 1 A.G. COLLINS GEOCHEMISTRY OF OILFIELD WATERS 2. W.H. FERTL ABNORMAL FORMATION PRESSURES 3. A.P. SZILAS PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORT OF OIL AND GAS C.E.B. CONYBEARE 4. GEOMORPHOLOGY OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS IN SANDSTONE BODIES 5. T.F. YEN and G.V.CHILINGARIAN (Editors) OIL SHALE 6. D.W. PEACEMAN FUNDAMENTALS OF NUMERICAL RESERVOIR SIMULATION 7. G.V. CHILINGARIAN and T.F. YEN (Editors) BITUMENS, ASPHALTS AND TAR SANDS 8. L.P. DAKE FUNDAMENTALS OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING 9. K.MAGARA COMPACTION AND FLUID MIGRATION 10. M.T. SILVIA and E.A. ROBINSON DECONVOLUTION OF GEOPHYSICAL TIME SERIES IN THE EXPLORATION FOR OIL AND NATURAL GAS 11. G.V. CHILINGARIAN and P. VORABUTR DRILLING AND DRILLING FLUIDS 12. T.D. VAN GOLF-RACHT FUNDAMENTALS OF FRACTURED RESERVOIR ENGINEERING 13. J. FAYERS (Editor) ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY 14. G. MOZES (Editor) PARAFFIN PRODUCTS 15A O.SERRA FUNDAMENTALS OF WELL-LOG INTERPRETATION, 1 THE ACQUISITION OF LOGGING DATA 16. R.E. CHAPMAN PETROLEUM GEOLOGY 17A E.C. DONALDSON, G.V. CHILINGARIAN and T.F. YEN ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY, I Fundamentals and Analyses 18A A.P. SZILAS PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORT OF OIL AND GAS 19A G.V. CHILINGARIAN (Editor) SURFACE OPERATIONS IN PETROLEUM SCIENCE, I Developments in Petroleum Science, 20 cleolosv in metroleurn u -- - - I I Droduction I-- - ---- - - a primer in production geology A.J. DIKKERS Van Soutelandelaan 45, 2597 EW The Hague, The Netherlands ELSEVIER - Amsterdam - Oxford - New York - Tokyo 1985 ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V. 1M olenwerf P.O. 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Box Distributors for the United States and Canada: ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY INC. 52, Vanderbilt Avenue New York. NY 10017 ISBN 0-444-42450-4 (Vol. 20) ISBN 0-444.41625-0 (Series) 0 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.. 1985 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V./Science & Technology Division, P.O. Box 330, 1000 AH Amsterdam. The Netherlands. Special regulations for readers in the USA - This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), Salem, Massachusetts. Information can be ob- tained from the CCC about conditions under which photocopies of parts of this publica- tion may be made in the USA. All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside of the USA, should be referred to the publisher. Printed in The Netherlands V To Nans, who kept me going. vii PREFACE This book, like so many of its kind, grew out of course notes; courses in applied oilfield geology, run over many years for varied audiences. At the end of a recent course, in the course review, one of the participants gave as his view: ‘All this is no news, any geologist knows this’. Well, maybe so, but I have frequently, before and since, met geologists who, although having experience in the oil industry, proved to be unacquainted with at least some of the more common techniques applied in prac- tical oilfield geology. Thus, finally, I came to the decision that it might be useful to put together - in what I hoped would be a convenient manner - those elementa- ry but effective methods with which I was familiar during some thirty years of operational work. I wish to emphasize that the resulting book is indeed intended as no more than a primer, as a basic introduction for the use of geologists, geophysicists, petroleum engineers and, perhaps, others involved in oilfield work. It makes no pretence to any degree of sophistication. Accordingly, no attempt is made to go to any depth into subjects closely related, such as log evaluation, seismic methods, sedimen- tology, computerization, etc.; excellent textbooks on such subjects are readily available. The second part of the book’s title may require some justification. During a leng- thy career my job title has variously been: works-geologist, subsurface geologist, subsurface engineer, production geologist, geological engineer, development geolo- gist. In my view the specialist under consideration is primarily a geologist; unlike most geologists in the oil industry he does not work ‘on the exploration side’ but ‘on the production side’. Thus it would seem that the man is most unequivocally described as a production geologist and his discipline as ‘Production Geology’. ‘A true geologist speaks in pictures’: the Professor of my undergraduate years, B.G. Exher*, is gratefully remembered by his students for the magnificent drawings - maps, sections, crystal shapes - that he used to make on the blackboard. From that tradition stems the ‘comic strip’ style of this book. Critics may object to my frequent use of fictional examples, rather than portrayals of actual geological condi- tions found in nature. Apart from the administrative and legal difficulties involved in collecting such evidence, it is rare that Mother Nature presents us with examples * Brother of the well-known graphic artist M.C. Escher. viii which illustrate with satisfactory clarity the phenomenon that one wants to de- monstrate. I can only hope that my pictures, although artificial, will help to achieve the objective of this book: to present to colleague-oilmen a ready-made set of tricks of the trade for their use in production geological work. 1 gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to the many teachers, colleagues and friends who, over many years, helped me to learn my job and to thoroughly enjoy doing it. x1 LEGEND LITHOLOGY clay - shale sandy clay finer sand coarser coarse sand - gravel carbonate rock impermeable (‘tight ’) rock igneous - metamorphic RESERVOIR CONTENT 4 1- gas .. . . . . . . oil water tar Note: the same symbols are used on some maps. xii FAULTS fault in general overthrust fault ticks and triangles point to downthrown block. WELL SYMBOLS on field development maps 8 oilwell, productive 8 well with oil indications gaswell wet well injection well abandoned well 0 location on programme 0 grid location on illustrative maps 0 well in general ... Xlll ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS A.H. along hole (depth) OIP oil-in-place API American Petr. Inst. (gravity) OWC oiliwater contact Bo Formation Volume Factor (oil) p, P pressure BDF below derrick floor Pcap capillary pressure BHP bottom hole pressure Po oil pressure C.0. cut-out (of fault) Pw water pressure D.F.EI. derrick floor elevation P probability DST drillstem test PED Petroleum engineering Dep’t. EOC equivalent oil column proj projected E&P Exploration & Production PVT pressure-volume-temperature GOC gas/oil contact 0 porosity GOR gasioil ratio Q,s production rate G.R. Gamma Ray (log) Res. Resistivity (log) so oil saturation H high value HCH hydrocarbon column height Sor residual oil saturation k permeability sw water saturation K.B. kelly bushing swc irreducible water content L low value S.G. specific gravity M medium (most likely) value Sb subsea (depth) mD milli-darcy STOI I P stock-tank oil initially in-place sws sidewall samples MSL mean sea level P viscosity TD total depth (final depth of well) NiG net over gross ratio TVD true vertical depth NGS net gas sand V volume NOS net oilsand Vgr gross volume N.P. not present Vn net volume N.K. not reached V.S. vertical separation (of fault) OCH oil column height WUT water-up-to ODT oil-down-to 1 Chapter A INTRODUCTION A.1 ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK vMANAGEMENT EXPLORATION P E TRO L EUM DRILLING PRODUCT ION FIELD ENGINEERING ENGIN EERl NG In the Preface it was pointed out that the production geologist does not work for the exploration department of his company, as do most of his fellow-geologists, but ‘on the production side’. It is hoped that this book will show that this fact has a profound influence on his objectives, his working methods and his relationships to other members of his organization. Before starting on the description of the work of the production geologist, it may be useful to examine the position he occupies on the organization chart and to sketch the part he plays in the activities of his organization. Companies engaged in exploration for and production of oil and gas - collo- quially referred to as E-P or E&P companies - tend to be quite similar in their organizational structure, for obvious reasons. Roughly speaking one can distinguish the technical/operationaI wing of the organization from the service and administration wing. Within the technical wing, sketched above, the various departments have their specific functions: Exploration Department carries out the search for accumulations of oil and gas. ~ - Petroleum Engineering Department is charged with the planning and functional supervision of - but generally not the line responsibility for - all operations required for the commercial production of hydrocarbons. - Drilling Department is responsible for the drilling of the wells, in accordance with the general plans developed by the petroleum engineering department. - Production Department carries out all operations to ensure the flow of the hydrocarbons from the reservoir through the well bore to the surface facilities. - Field Engineering Department constructs and operates the surface facilities: drill- ing sites, roads, tanks, pipelines, pump stations, etc.

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