Geology and Geochemistry of Oil and Gas

391 Pages·2005·4.62 MB·English

52
DEVELOPMENTS IN PETROLEUM SCIENCE
geology and
geochemistry of
oil and gas
i
52
DEVELOPMENTS IN PETROLEUM SCIENCE
Volumes 1-7, 9-18, 19b, 20-29, 31, 34, 35, 37-39 are out of print.
8 Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
19a Surface Operations in Petroleum Production, I
30 Carbonate Reservoir Characterization: A Geologic-Engineering Analysis, Part I
32 Fluid Mechanics for Petroleum Engineers
33 Petroleum Related Rock Mechanics
36 The Practice of Reservoir Engineering (Revised Edition)
40a Asphaltenes and Asphalts, I
40b Asphaltenes and Asphalts, II
41 Subsidence due to Fluid Withdrawal
42 Casing Design – Theory and Practice
43 Tracers in the Oil Field
44 Carbonate Reservoir Characterization: A Geologic-Engineering Analysis, Part II
45 Thermal Modeling of Petroleum Generation: Theory and Applications
46 Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production
47 PVT and Phase Behaviour of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids
48 Applied Geothermics for Petroleum Engineers
49 Integrated Flow Modeling
50 Origin and Prediction of Abnormal Formation Pressures
51 Soft Computing and Intelligent Data Analysis in Oil Exploration
52 Geology and Geochemistry of Oil and Gas
ii
52
DEVELOPMENTS IN PETROLEUM SCIENCE
geology and
geochemistry of
oil and gas
G.V. Chilingar, L.A. Buryakovsky, N.A. Eremenko
& M.V. Gorfunkel
Amsterdam – Boston – Heidelberg – London – New York – Oxford
Paris – San Diego – San Francisco – Singapore – Sydney – Tokyo
iii
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First edition 2005
ISBN-13: 978-0-444-52053-1
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DEDICATION
This Book is dedicated to
His Highness Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani
The Emir of the State of Qatar
And
Her Highness Sheikha Mozah Bint Nasser Al Missned
For their global vision and dedication to democratic reform,
education, and
valiant efforts in promoting peace in the region
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FOREWORD
Thegeologyandgeochemistryofpetroleumarebecomingevermoreimportantas
the demand for fossil fuels increases worldwide. We must find new hydrocarbon
reserves that are hidden in almost inaccessible areas. Our knowledge of petroleum
geology and geochemistry is the best intellectual tool that we have for the never-
endingsearchforrichnewdepositsofhydrocarbons.Thegeologyoftherocksunder
deep oceans and on continental shelves has become much more important as
advances in technology permit drilling in these areas. Developments in petroleum
geology and geochemistry, and advances in seismic and well-logging measurements,
provide a better understanding of the evolution of subsurface sedimentary deposits
and the migration, entrapment, and production of hydrocarbons.
This book touches upon the great strides that are being made through electronic
innovationsininstrumentalmeasurementsofgeologicandgeochemicalsystems.The
structureofthebookisactuallyabalanceoffourtopicalsections.Thefundamental
aspects of petroleum geology, geochemistry, and accumulation, evaluation, and
production of subsurface fluids are discussed in the first three sections followed by
the fourth section on mathematical modeling of geologic systems.
Chapters 1–3 introduce a systematic approach to understanding sedimentary
rocks and their role in the evolution and containment of subsurface fluids. This is
discussedinrelationtothephysicalconditionsofhydrocarbonreserves(e.g.,atvery
high temperatures and pressures).
Chapters 4–6 discuss the physical and chemical properties of subsurface waters,
crude oils and natural gases. The physical and chemical properties are especially
important to production engineering and mathematical simulation because they
impact the relative motions of fluids as saturation changes during production: (1)
wettability of rocks affects production characteristics and ultimate recovery; (2)
relative permeability affects fluid movement to the production wells; (3) density
differences between immiscible fluids affect gravity drainage from one part of the
reservoirtoanother asthereservoirfluidsaredepleted;(4)viscosityoffluidsaffects
the relative mobility of each fluid; and (5) fluid chemistry affects the absorption,
ultimate recovery and monetary value of the produced hydrocarbons.
Chapters 7–10 discuss the formation and accumulation of crude oils and natural
gases: (1) changes in the chemical composition of hydrocarbons that originate from
the debris of living plants to form crude oils; (2) the origins of hydrocarbons in
different areas of a single reservoir; also, the conditions which determine the
distributionofwater,oil,andgasinthereservoir;(3)migrationofsubsurfacefluids
untiltheyeventuallyaccumulateinisolatedgeologictraps;and(4)adiscussionofthe
oil traps as a function of sedimentary geology.
viii FOREWORD
Chapter 11 explains the analytical and statistical approaches to modern
mathematical modeling of both static and dynamic geologic systems. Modeling of
staticsystems(i.e.,simulationofthestructureandcompositionofgeologicsystems)is
doneregardlessoftimetodevelopabasisforgeologicexplorationandhydrocarbon
reserve estimation, whereas dynamic models capture any changes taking place with
respect to time for use in studying production and field development.
This book is recommended to the geologists, geochemists, petroleum engineers,
and graduate university students studying petroleum geology, engineering, and
geochemistry.
E.C. Donaldson
Managing Editor of Journal of
Petroleum Science and Engineering
Wynnewood, Oklahoma
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PREFACE
The progress in the oil and gas industry is related closely to the acceleration of
discovery rates, exploration, development, and production of hydrocarbon resourc-
es. Exploration, development, and production of hydrocarbon resources must be
based on reliable information, which helps to predict subsurface conditions and
properties of oil- and gas-bearing formations.
Main oil and gas reserves are found in sedimentary basins composed of ter-
rigenous (siliciclastic), carbonate, and, sometimes, volcanic or volcaniclastic rocks.
Preservation of high reservoir pressure and good properties of reservoir rocks and
seals(caprocks)inthesebasinsdependsgreatlyontheiroriginandfurtherevolution.
The process of sedimentation, and the following processes of diagenesis (i.e., phys-
ical, chemical and biochemical processes, which occur in the sediments after sed-
imentation and through lithification at near-surface temperature and pressure) and
catagenesis (or epigenesis) (i.e., physical and chemical processes, which occur in the
sedimentary rocks at high temperatures and pressures after lithification and up to
metamorphism), cause alterations, which may enable one to predict oil and gas
potential.
Considering an interest demonstrated by petroleum geologists and reservoir en-
gineers, this book discusses the major theoretical and practical problems of petro-
leumgeologyandgeochemistryastheyareviewedattheendofthe20thcenturyand
the beginning of the 21st century. The treatment of the material is non-uniform in
the sense that the accepted scientific concepts are treated cursorily, just to maintain
thecompletenessandcontinuityofthestory,whereasthedisputableandinnovative
issues are handled in more detail. The discussion is conducted from a position of
the science of petroleum geology, geochemistry, and other related disciplines. For
instance, in describing oil-bearing sequences, the main brunt is on depositional
environments and such features as reservoir and fluid-sealing properties.
A considerable attention is devoted to the transformations within the rock–
water–organic matter system of the Earth’s crust with changes in the subsurface
temperature and pressure. New reservoir and accumulation types are identified and
their exploration/development features are defined.
A variety of common reservoir engineering problems can be solved during field
development and production by the integration of geological, geochemical, and en-
gineering studies. For example, such studies can identify reservoir compartment-
alization, allocate commingled production, identify completion problems (such as
tubing leaks or poor casing cementing jobs), predict fluid properties (viscosity, den-
sity) prior to production tests, characterize induced fracture geometry, monitor the
waterfloodprocessandwaterencroachment,orexplainthecausesofproducedsludge.