Geoinformation: Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry and Geographic Information Systems

452 Pages·2014·19.49 MB·English

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GIS and Remote SenSInG
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“… a thorough, comprehensive, and attractive overview of geoinfor- n
mation that exceeds pure mapping, shedding light into drivers and e
c
causes … Well-written and worthwhile reading, this book is an asset
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for one’s library.”
y
—Ioannis Manakos, Information Technologies Institute, Centre for
Research and Technology Hellas
“… gives the big picture of how remote sensing, photogrammetry,
and geographic information systems work together in an interdisci-
plinary manner to serve the widespread needs of society. … a ‘must’
for all students and professionals in the field of geoinformation.”
—Dr. Rainer Sandau, International Academy of Astronautics
New and Updated in the Second Edition:
• Web-based image viewing with Google Earth
• Aerial platforms
• Existing digital photogrammetric software systems, including
Intergraph image station, Autodesk, and Oracle Spatial Geoinformation
• Land management and cadaster
• Imaging sensors such as laser scanning, image spectrometry,
radar imaging, and radar interferometry
Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, and
Written by a renowned expert, Geoinformation: Remote Sensing,
Geographic Information Systems
Photogrammetry, and Geographic Information Systems, Second
Edition gives you an an overview of how these three technologies
are closely related but also quite different. It details the principal S e c o n d e d i t i o n
components of remote sensing, from theoretical principles to advanced
image analysis and interpretation techniques, sensor components,
and operating platforms.
About the Author: Gottfried Konecny is emeritus professor at the
Leibniz University of Hannover in Germany and former president of
the International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. He
holds honorary doctor of science degrees from the University of Tucuman,
Argentina, the University of New Bruswick Canada, Anna University
in Chennai, India, and MIIGAiK, Moscow, Russian Federation. He is
Honorary Professor of Wuhan University, China, and of the Siberian State
Academy of Geodesy in Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. He is a member of the International
Academy of Astronautics, the Braunschweigische Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, the
Sudeto-German Academy in Munich, Germany, and the European Academy of Science. He Second
received the German Bundesverdienstkreuz, first class. edition
Gottfried
68563
ISBN-13: 978-1-4200-6856-6
90000
Konecny
9 781420 068566
68563_Cover_mech.indd All Pages 2/12/14 1:11 PM
Geoinformation
Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, and
Geographic Information Systems
S e c o n d e d i t i o n

Geoinformation
Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, and
Geographic Information Systems
S e c o n d e d i t i o n
Gottfried
Konecny
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
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Version Date: 20140127
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Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Author xv
List of Figures xvii
1 Introduction 1
Surveying and Mapping in Transition to Geoinformation 2
Geodesy 2
Surveying 6
Remote Sensing 7
Photogrammetry 9
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 10
Current Status of Mapping in the World 12
Integration of Geoinformation Technologies 13
United Nations Initiative on Global Geospatial Information Management 13
2 Remote Sensing 19
Electromagnetic Radiation 19
Basic Laws 19
Radiometric Quantities 21
Electromagnetic Spectrum 21
Energy–Matter Interaction 21
Atmospheric Transmission 21
Energy Interaction at the Object 24
Interaction of Energy in Plants 26
Energy Arriving at the Sensor 26
Sensor Components 28
Optical Imaging 28
Photographic Process 30
Color and Color Photography 32
Digital Imaging 35
Imaging Sensors 36
Aerial Survey Cameras 36
v
vi Contents
Image Quality of Aerial Survey Cameras 47
Optomechanical Scanners 59
Laser Scanners 61
Optoelectronic Scanners 63
Image Spectrometers 65
Oblique Imaging 66
Radar Imaging 67
Polarization of a Radar Beam 72
Radar Interferometry 73
Radar Imaging Modes 76
Platforms 79
Aircraft 79
Satellites 82
Ground Resolution versus Repeatability 83
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) 89
Image Interpretation 89
The Human Eye 89
Stereovision 90
Visual Interpretation of Images 96
Image Processing 96
Raster Scanning of Photographic Images 96
Gray Level Changes 97
Filtering 100
Geometric Resampling 104
Multispectral Classification 106
Classification Accuracy 111
Image Fusion 112
Remote Sensing Applications 113
Meteorology and Climatology 121
Ozone 121
Cloud Mapping 121
Rainfall 123
Wind 125
Weather Prediction 125
Climate Studies 125
Oceanography 125
Ocean Productivity 126
Ocean Currents 127
Sea Ice 127
Bathymetry 129
Contents vii
Environment 129
Hazardous Waste 129
Plumes 131
Oil Spills 131
Nonrenewable Resources 132
Mineral Exploration 133
Oil Exploration 133
Renewable Resources 134
Land Cover and Land Use 134
Vegetation 135
Natural Hazards 138
Earthquakes 138
Landslides 138
Land Subsidence 138
Volcanoes 138
Floods 139
Forest and Grass Fires 139
3 Photogrammetry 143
Evolution of Photogrammetry 143
Single-Image Photogrammetry 143
Analogue Stereo Photogrammetry 150
Measuring Marks 157
Analytical Photogrammetry 174
Digital Photogrammetry 181
Principles of Analytical and Digital Photogrammetry 183
Coordinate Transformations between Image and Terrain 183
Image Coordinates and Local Cartesian Object Coordinates 184
Transverse Mercator and Geographic Coordinates 188
Geographic Coordinates and Geocentric Cartesian Coordinates 190
Transformation between Geocentric and Local Cartesian Coordinates 191
Space Intersection 193
Space Resection 195
Aerial Triangulation 200
Relative Orientation 208
Absolute Orientation 210
Digital Photogrammetric Operations 213
SIDIP 213
DPLX 213
DPCOR 217
viii Contents
BLUH 217
LISA-FOTO 221
Image Matching 222
Semiglobal Matching 228
Digital Elevation Models 230
Orthoimage Generation 233
LISA-Basic 238
Racurs PHOTOMOD 241
Airborne Laser Scanning 256
4 Geographic Information Systems 261
Introduction 261
Hardware Components 264
Input Devices 265
Processing and Storage Devices 267
Output Devices 269
Software Components 269
Operating Systems 269
Programming Languages 270
Networking Software 270
Graphic Standards 271
GIS Application Software 271
Vector Systems 272
Object Representation 272
Vector Geometry 277
Raster Systems 282
Databases 283
GIS Systems 285
GIS and the Internet 286
Esri’s ArcGIS 287
GIS Applications 339
Global Applications 339
National Applications and Spatial Data Infrastructure 340
Local Applications 342
Cadastral Applications 342
Facility Management 349
City Models 351
Spatial Analysis Applications 360
Emergency GIS over Crisis Areas 362
General Spatial Information Systems 365
Contents ix
5 Positioning Systems 381
The Global Positioning System (GPS) 381
GPS Signals 381
Differential GPS 384
GPS Satellite Geometry and GPS Software 388
Accuracy Augmentation Systems 389
GSM Mobile Phone Location 389
6 Cost Considerations 393
Costs of Aerial Photography, Orthophotography, and Topographic Line
Mapping 394
GPS-Supported Ground Surveys 397
Digital Elevation Models 398
Aerial Triangulation versus Direct Sensor Orientation 398
Mapping from Space 399
Automated Feature Extraction 404
7 Technological Changes 407
Bibliography 409