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Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts PDF

664 Pages·2001·1.16 MB·English
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R e g i o n s S i x t e e n t h e d i t i o n Nation in Peril H. J. de Blij • Peter O. Muller • Jan Nijman This page is intentionally left blank GREENLAND U.S. (Alaska) 60° CANADA 40° UNITED STATES 40° OF AMERICA ATLANTIC BERMUDA OCEAN BAHAMAS Tropic of Cancer MEXICO CUBA DOMINICAN 20° JAMAICA REPUBLIC 20° 20° (HUaw.Sa.i’i) HBOENLIDZUERAS HAITI PUREICROTO GUEALT SEAMLAVLAADOR NICARAGUA BARBADOS TRINIDAD & TOBAGO PACIFIC COSTA RICPAANAMA VENEZUELA SURINAME COLOMBIA FRENCH GUIANA GUYANA 0° Equator ECUADOR OCEAN PERU BRAZIL BOLIVIA 20° 20° 20° Tropic of Capricorn PARAGUAY ARGENTINA CHILE URUGUAY 40° 40° 40° 40° STATES OF THE WORLD, 2014 160° 140° 120° 80° 60° 40° 60° 60° 60° 60° SOUTHERN 0 1000 2000 3000 Kilometers OCEAN 0 1000 2000 Miles GREENLAND Arctic Circle FINLAND 60° ICELAND NORWAYSWEDEN LAETSVTIOANIA RUSSIA 60° UNITED KINGDOM DENMARK LITHUANIA NETH. 40° ATOLCAENPAOTRNTUIGICRAELLANDSPFARINANCSEBWEILTLUSZGXL...OMVCEOCITRNGNZOIAETBAEAECKOLATRNHOSYIUAE .SNRGOSIEARVP.POO.HOGUSLSLENRAROBEIGNAV MEA.DBKRACICUAOEEULMDBGKO.ETRN.LIUAAARINRKUEESYAMAZGOREEMRLODBEROANGIVIJAIAAAN TURKMEUNZKIBSAETZKAAINSKTHASNTANTAJIKKISYRTAGNYZSTAN MONGOLIA KONR.EA JAPAN 40° TUNISIA ALBANIA LCEYBPARNUOSN SYRIAIRAQ IRAN AFGHANISTAN CHINA KOSR.EA PACIFIC WESTERN MOROCCO ALGERIA LIBYA ISREAGEYLPT JORDANKUBWAHARITAIN PAKISTAN NEPAL BHUTAN SAHARA SAQUADTIAR U.A.E. BANGLADESH TAIWAN Tropic of Cancer SENEGAMLAURITANIA MALI NIGER CHAD SUDANERITREA ARAYBEIMAEN OMAN INDIA MYANMARTLHAAOILSAND VIETNAM PHILIPP IN ES OCEAN 20° GAGMBUIBSINISAESALAIEUE-ORGLNRIUAEBIENREIAACIVOOAGBRSHUFYTARANKSIOATNOAGBOENINNIGERCIAAMEROONAFCREICNATNR ARLEP. SSUUOGDUAATNNHDA ETHIOPIADJIBSOOUMTIALIAINDIAN MALDIVESSRI LANKA CMAMABOLDAIAYBSRIUANEI EQUATORIAL GABONCONGO RWANDA KENYA SINGAPORE Equator 0° GUINEA DRCONGO BURUNDI OCEAN PAPUA TANZANIA I N D O N E S I A GNUIENWEA COMOROS ATLANTIC EAST ANGOLA TIMOR ZAMBIA MALAWI VANUATU FIJI 20° NAMIBIA ZIMBABWEMOÇAMBIQUEMADAGASCAR 20° 20° 20° BOTSWANA MAURITIUS Tropic of Capricorn NEW AUSTRALIA CALEDONIA OCEAN SWAZILAND SOUTH AFRICA LESOTHO NEW ZEALAND 40° 40° 40° 0° 20° 40° 60° 100° 120° 140° 160° 60° 60° 60° 60° SOUTHERN OCEAN Antarctic Circle (cid:55)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:89)(cid:48)(cid:44)(cid:53)(cid:51)(cid:0)(cid:73)(cid:83)(cid:0)(cid:65)(cid:0)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:83)(cid:69)(cid:65)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:72)(cid:13)(cid:66)(cid:65)(cid:83)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:0)(cid:79)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:69)(cid:0)(cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:86)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:78)(cid:77)(cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:84)(cid:0)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:0) (cid:69)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:69)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:73)(cid:86)(cid:69)(cid:0)(cid:84)(cid:69)(cid:65)(cid:67)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:71)(cid:0)(cid:65)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:0)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:65)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:71)(cid:14) WileyPLUS builds students’ confidence because it takes the guesswork out of studying by providing students with a clear roadmap: (cid:115)(cid:0) (cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:65)(cid:84)(cid:0)(cid:84)(cid:79)(cid:0)(cid:68)(cid:79) (cid:115)(cid:0) (cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:0)(cid:84)(cid:79)(cid:0)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:0)(cid:73)(cid:84) (cid:115)(cid:0) (cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:0)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:89)(cid:0)(cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:0)(cid:73)(cid:84)(cid:0)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:84) It offers interactive resources along with a complete digital textbook that help students learn more. With WileyPLUS, students take more initiative so you’ll have greater impact on their achievement in the classroom and beyond. (cid:46)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:0)(cid:65)(cid:86)(cid:65)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:65)(cid:66)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:0)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:82) For more information, visit www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! www.wileyplus.com/resources (cid:51)(cid:84)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:84) Partner (cid:48)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:65)(cid:77) 2-Minute Tutorials and all Student support from an Collaborate with your colleagues, of the resources you and your experienced student user find a mentor, attend virtual and live students need to get started events, and view resources www.WhereFacultyConnect.com Quick Start © Courtney Keating/ iStockphoto Pre-loaded, ready-to-use Technical Support 24/7 Your WileyPLUS Account Manager, assignments and presentations FAQs, online chat, providing personal training created by subject matter experts and phone support and support www.wileyplus.com/support 16th Edition G E O G R A P H Y REALMS, REGIONS, AND CONCEPTS H. J. de Blij John A. Hannah Professor of Geography Michigan State University Peter O. Muller Senior Professor, Department of Geography and Regional Studies University of Miami Jan Nijman Professor of Urban Studies, University of Amsterdam Professor Emeritus of Geography, University of Miami VICE PRESIDENT AND PUBLISHER Petra Recter EXECUTIVE EDITOR Ryan Flahive PRODUCT DESIGNER Beth Tripmacher PRODUCT DESIGNER Howard Averback ASSISTANT CONTENT EDITOR Darnell Sessoms EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Julia Nollen SENIOR CONTENT MANAGER Micheline Frederick SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR Janet Foxman SENIOR PHOTO EDITOR Lisa Gee MEDIA SPECIALIST Anita Castro CREATIVE DIRECTOR Harry Nolan SENIOR DESIGNER Wendy Lai SENIOR MARKETING MANAGER Margaret Barrett PRODUCTION SERVICES Jeanine Furino/ Furino Production PRODUCTION ASSISTANT Helen Seachrist Front cover photo: © Jan Nijman Back cover photos: © H. J. de Blij This book was set in 10.5/12 Adobe Garamond by Aptara, and printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid-free paper. (cid:2) Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfi ll their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifi cations and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/citizenship. © 2014, 2012 H. J. de Blij, Peter O. Muller, and Jan Nijman; 2010, 2008 H. J. de Blij, Peter O. Muller. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per- copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, website www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Evaluation copies are provided to qualifi ed academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free-of-charge return shipping label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentary desk copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local representative. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data De Blij, Harm J. Geography: realms, regions, and concepts/H. J. de Blij, Peter O. Muller, and Jan Nijman.—Sixteenth edition. pages cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-118-67395-9 (hardback) 1. Geography—Textbooks. I. Peter O. Muller. II. Jan Nijman. III. Title. G128.D42 2013 910—dc23 2013024700 978-1-118-67395-9 (Main Book ISBN) 978-1-118-70760-9 (Binder-Ready Version ISBN) Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PREFACE F or the past four decades, Geography: Realms, Regions, whether they are concerned with international business, and Concepts has reported (and sometimes anticipated) worldwide media, affairs of state, or disaster relief. Such deci- trends in the discipline of Geography and develop- sions must be based on the best possible knowledge of the ments in the world at large. In fi fteen preceding editions, world beyond our continent. That knowledge can be gained Regions, as the book has come to be called, has explained the by studying the layout of our world, its environments, societ- contemporary world’s geographic realms (the largest re- ies, resources, policies, traditions, and other properties—in gional entities on the face of the Earth) and their natural short, its regional geography. environments and human dimensions. In the process, this book has become an introduction to Geography itself, the discipline that links the study of human societies and natu- REALMS, REGIONS . . . AND CONCEPTS ral environments. We look at the ways people have orga- This book begins with an introductory chapter followed by nized their living space, adapted to changing social as well as 12 sets of chapters that each cover one of the world’s major environmental circumstances, and continue to confront geographic realms and their constituent regions. The Intro- forces beyond their control ranging from globalization to duction discusses the world as a whole, outlining the physical climate change. From old and still relevant concepts to new stage on which the human drama is being played out, pro- and untested ideas, Regions provides geographic perspective viding environmental frameworks, demographic data, politi- on our transforming world. cal background, and economic-geographical context. In the The book before you, therefore, is an information remaining chapters, we have divided the world into 12 major highway to geographic literacy. The fi rst edition appeared in geographic realms and these are in turn subdivided into 1971, at a time when school geography in the United States smaller regions. We explain why the realms and regions are (though not in Canada) was a subject in decline. It was a delineated the way they are, we describe their prevailing geo- precursor of a dangerous isolationism in America, and geo- graphic features, and we examine recent events around the graphers foresaw the looming cost of geographic illiteracy. world in their proper geographic context. Sure enough, the media during the 1980s began to report Along the way, we introduce more than 150 geographic that polls, public surveys, tests, and other instruments were concepts placed in their regional settings. Most of these con- recording a lack of geographic knowledge at a time when our cepts are indeed primarily geographical, but others are ideas world was changing ever faster and becoming more com- about which, we believe, students of geography should have petitive by the day. Various institutions, including the Na- some knowledge. Although such concepts are listed on the tional Geographic Society, banks, airline companies, and a opening page of every chapter, we have not, of course, enu- consortium of scholarly organizations, mobilized to confront merated every geographic notion used in that chapter. Many an educational dilemma that had resulted substantially from colleagues, we suspect, will want to make their own realm- a neglect of the very topics this book is about. Concern about concept associations, and as readers will readily perceive, the geographic literacy and about the need for knowledge of the book’s organization is quite fl exible. It is possible, for ex- world around us continues to this day. ample, to focus almost exclusively on substantive regional A useful discussion of such commonplace topics as glo- material or, alternatively, to concentrate mainly on concep- balization, and of popular misconceptions such as the “fl at tual issues. world” and the “death of distance,” means that we must know the different parts of the world, the interrelated components The A-B Structure of the Regional Chapters that together make up the whole. This goes far beyond de- scription or memorization. In each of the chapters of this This sixteenth edition of Regions continues the formal sepa- book, we ask fundamental questions about the role of geogra- ration of A and B chapters that was introduced in the fi f- phy in the ongoing social, economic, and political develop- teenth edition, an innovation that received substantial posi- ments in that particular realm. Geography helps to under- tive feedback from our users. As the table of contents shows, stand the dynamic differences among realms and regions and each of the world’s geographic realms (with the exception of why they develop the way they do. Each chapter offers rich the Austral and Pacifi c Realms) is treated in a pair of chap- regional descriptions alongside critical analyses. ters: A chapters discuss broad geographic features at the Knowing and understanding world geography is not scale of the entire realm; B chapters provide a more detailed just an academic exercise. You will fi nd that much of what analysis at the scale of the realm’s constituent regions and you encounter in this book is of immediate, practical value to countries. you—as a citizen, a consumer, a traveler, a voter, a job-seeker. This structure increases fl exibility for the user because North America is a geographic realm with ever-intensifying it offers the option of customizing reading assignments. As global interests and involvements. Those interests and in- anyone who has taught or taken a course in World Regional volvements require countless, often instantaneous decisions, Geography knows, the subject is complex, the world is still vi Preface a very large and highly diverse place, and semesters are short. math of its Arab Spring. Each Voice was solicited by the au- In principle, each of the A or B chapters can be read in isola- thors specifi cally for this purpose. It provides a useful tool for tion. If users prefer to reduce reading assignments on one or teachers to initiate class discussion about regional issues and more realms, they might concentrate on the A chapters for a perspectives, and it helps students identify more closely main overview of the geography of the realm; the opposite with developments and people across the spectrum of world approach focused on the B chapters is possible as well. Nei- regions. ther scale (realm or region) can be said to be more important than the other. They are most revealing, of course, in terms NEWS ABOUT THE SIXTEENTH EDIITON of their complementary nature: one informs the other— One of the most fascinating things about Geography is that from the general to the specifi c, from the whole to its con- it exudes a sense of permanence in certain respects (e.g., the stituent parts, from the global to the local. natural environment), but in reality things change over The second advantage of this A-B structure is more time—sometimes quite slowly but at other times abruptly substantive and is anchored in current disciplinary trends. and dramatically. New editions of Regions have a reputation Scale, along with region, is one of the most crucial general for comprehensive and detailed revision, and the sixteenth is concepts in Geography. Understanding geographic events a particularly substantial reprise. Occasionally the world almost always demands a multi-scalar perspective. Using the changes so fundamentally that interpretations based on ear- A-B structure, we consistently discuss processes at two differ- lier understandings are overtaken by new developments— ent scales. First we employ the broader scale of the realm to forcing us to rethink particular realms, regions, and coun- appreciate, for example, matters of geopolitics or economic tries, or even the global system that binds them together. integration or core-periphery relationships—developments Thus new editions of Regions not only contain myriad valu- that unfold and project across an entire realm or major parts able updates but also reappraisals of the fundamental nature of it. Think, for example, about the realmwide ramifi cations of the world’s geography. of the Arab Spring movement. Subsequently, we “zoom in” The world is undergoing some momentous changes in on the regions nested within the realm to consider develop- this decade: (1) widespread, longstanding pessimism con- ments at a fi ner resolution. Think, for example, of Egypt’s cerning Subsaharan Africa’s development prospects has rap- ongoing political challenges since the forced 2011 resigna- idly given way to unprecedented hope and anticipation based tion of former President Mubarak. Typically, B chapters on robust recent growth in this realm; (2) the European facilitate a closer look at the role of individual countries Union has become more disparate than ever—fi scally, eco- and national cultures (and, where necessary, their internal nomically, and politically—as rising core-periphery tensions subdivisions). weigh down the supranational federal framework; (3) the The A-B structure should not be regarded as a rigid globally expanding infl uence and assertiveness of China is be- mechanism that separates geographic reality into two ‘fi xed’ ing met with increasingly mixed feelings in certain realms and scales. Geography is a dynamic fi eld; there is continuity in regions; (4) ravenous demand for raw materials on the world some ways, but change abounds. Geographic space is con- market is altering landscapes in a wide range of commod- tinuously reorganized and reshaped. The study of realms and ity-rich countries from Mongolia to Australia to Chile; and regions is more based on “sliding” scales, from the level of the (5) the Arab Spring, which has been destabilizing regional realm downward. A chapters typically deal with broader-scale politics in North Africa and Southwest Asia, but has yet to issues; B chapters provide more close-up analysis. Thus inter- deliver enduring democratic advances in any country. These national issues that do not always involve the entire realm developments, among others, have reverberated throughout may be discussed in either A or B chapters, or both (e.g., the world in recent years and continue to transform their re- India-Pakistan relations within the South Asian realm). spective realms today. We will detail many of these changes, as well as the forces that drive them, in their geographic context Voice From the Region as our global regional survey unfolds. Another new feature that was introduced in the fi fteenth edi- What to Look For tion and that met with considerable approval from the read- ers is the boxed vignette entitled Voice From the Region. This With a revision manuscript totaling tens of thousands feature provides a platform to let people from each geo- of words, countless map modifi cations, dozens of original graphic realm speak directly to the reader—a local voice, un- photos, and new From the Field Notes and other boxes, no fi ltered, that presents a refl ection on their corner of the world summary can adequately encapsulate all that this new edi- as seen through their own eyes. Located in each B chapter tion contains. One special note: we have highlighted the (plus Chapters 11 and 12), these vignettes, accompanied by burgeoning outward growth of several of the world’s mega- the name and a photo of the individual providing the local cities (e.g., São Paulo, Istanbul, Delhi-New Delhi, Tokyo, perspective, focus on important current events ranging from Moscow, Xian) and expanded the city maps in many of the Singapore’s tenuous absorption of large numbers of Chinese Great Cities of the World boxes to refl ect this metropolitan- immigrants to Egypt’s stalled political reforms in the after- scale urbanization.

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Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts, 16th Edition helps readers build and develop their "mental map" of the world around them. Topics covered in this text are diverse and the skills, concepts, ideas, and terms that students are expected to learn are numerous. Regions is a time-tested and carefu
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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.