Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the USSR

456 Pages·2017·36.003 MB·English

by  Robert J. Kaiser

Ethno-National Communities of the USSR
Interstate Borders
and Union Republics
Autonomous Republics
Autonomous Oblasts
Autonomous Okrugs
* Only the largest national communities listed here. See the map key for complete information.
Ck
, ___, Ck
Ck/ ,-"
- on ~ !
On Ky
,~ _/ -, Ky",
On :_,
Ya
, On
In
~ Y' ~ ""
In , On ""
00 Ya ,. Ya ya\ Ya' o
'. 1
'00- Do ,_, Ya ,_,
I /' ---,'-' Ya • ., Ya
,., Ya
v /,' Ev Ev
,,/ Ev Ya
Ya
Ev
•
Sea of
R Okhotsk.
,
v
Ethno-National Communities by Ethno-Linguistic Group*
I SLAVIC
•
Armenian (A) Estonian (E) Moldovan (Mo) Belorussian (B)
Other
BALTIC TURKIC D Russian (R)
Latvian (La) Ossetian (0) Azerbaydzhani (Az) D
Ukranian (Uk)
Lithuanian (Li) Tadzhik (Ta) Kazakh (Kz)
Kyrgyz (Ky)
I CAUCASIAN [ MONGOLIAN I Turkmen (Tu)
Georgian (Ge) Buryat (Bu) Uzbek (Uz) D Uninhabited or
Other Kalmyk (Ka) Other sparsely populated
Key to Map "Ethnonational Communities
of the USSR"
ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUP NATIONAL COMMUNITY
ARMENIAN Armenian (A)a
BALTIC Latvian (La)
Lithuanian (Li)
CAUCASIAN Georgian (Ge)
Abkhazian (Ab)
Adygey (Ad)
Avar (Aa)
Chechen (Ce)
Cherkess (Ce)
Dargin (Da)
Ingush (In)
Kabardin (Kb)
Lak (La)
Lezgin (Le)
FINNO-UGRIAN Estonian (E)
Hungarian (H)
Karelian (Ka)
Khanty (Kh)
Komi (Ko)
Komi-Permyak (KP)
Mansi (Mn)
Mari (Ma)
Mordvin (Mr)
Udmurt (Ud)
IRANIAN Tadzhik (Ta)
Ossetian (O)
MONGOLIAN Buryat (Bu)
Kalmyk (Kl)
ROMANCE Moldovan (Romanian) (Mo)
SLAVIC Russian (R)
Ukrainian (Uk)
Belarusian (B)
Bulgarian (Bi)
Polish (P)
χ · Key to Map of the USSR
TURKIC Uzbek (Uz)
Kazakh (Kz)
Azerbaydzhani (Az)
Kyrgyz (Ky)
Turkmen (Tu)
Altay (Al)
Balkar (Bk)
Bashkir (Ba)
Chuvash (Ch)
Dolgan (Do)
Gagauz (Ga)
Karachay (Ke)
Karakalpak (Kr)
Khakass (Ks)
Kumyk (Ku)
Tatar (Tr)
Tuvin (Tv)
Uygur (Uy)
Yakut (Ya)
OTHER German (G)
Jewish (J)
Korean (Ke)
Chukchi (Ck)
Evenk (Ev)
Koryak (Ky)
Nenets (Ne)
Other peoples of the North (On)
aInitials are used to identify concentrated settlements of members of national communities outside
their home republics (e.g., Armenians outside Armenia), and also to identify concentrations of
indigenes whose homelands are located in sparsely populated regions of the country (e.g., Evenks
in the Evenk Autonomous Okrug, Turkmen in sparsely settled regions of Turkmenistan). Colors for
ethnolinguistic groupings are used to identify the regions of the homeland populated primarily by
the indigenous national community (e.g., the color for the Baltic ethnolinguistic group represents
Latvians in Latvia, and Lithuanians in Lithuania).
Maps
Ethnonational Communities of the USSR Endpapers
2.1 Rural Immobility by Guberniya, 1897 54
2.2 Urban Population by Guberniya, 1914 61
2.3 Literacy Rates by Guberniya, 1897 68
2.4 Primary Education by Guberniya, 1910 73
2.5 Industrial Work Force by Guberniya, 1897 77
3.1 Federal Structure of the USSR, 1926 111
3.2 Federal Structure of the USSR, 1939 114
4.1 Federal Structure of the USSR, 1989 155
4.2 Proportion of the National Community Residing in Its Home
Republic, 1989 160
4.3 Change in Indigenous National Concentration, 1959-1989 163
4.4 Indigenous Percent of the Total Population by Federal Unit, 1989 172
4.5 Change in the Indigenous Proportion of the Total Population,
1959-1989 173
4.6 Russian Percent of the Total Population in the Non-Russian
Homelands, 1989 179
4.7 Change in the Russian Proportion of the Total Population in the
Non-Russian Homelands, 1959-1989 180
5.1 Urban Percent of the Total Population, 1989 205
5.2 Rate of Urbanization, 1959-1989 206
5.3 Indigenous Percent of the Urban Population, 1989 210
5.4 Indigenization of the Urban Population, 1959-1989 211
5.5 Russian Percent of the Urban Population, 1989 218
5.6 Derussification of the Urban Population, 1959-1989 219
6.1 Percent of Indigenes Claiming Russian as their Native Language,
1989 263
6.2 Linguistic Russification of Indigenes, 1959-1989 264
6.3 Native Language Retention among Indigenes, 1989 270
6.4 Change in Native Language Retention among Indigenes, 1959-1989 271
7.1 Ethnoterritorial Conflicts, 1992 359
7.2 Border Disputes and Territorial Conflicts, Moldova 366

Tables
2.1 Railroad Network by Gross Region, 1911 52
2.2 Rural Population by Place of Birth and Gross Region, 1897 55
2.3 Number of Voluntary and Involuntary Migrants into Asiatic Russia,
1801-1914 56
2.4 UrbanizationbyGrossRegion, 1858-1914 62
2.5 Urban Population by Place of Birth and Gross Region, 1897 63
2.6 Ethnolinguistic Composition of the Total and Urban Population,
1897 64
2.7 Literacy Rates for the Total, Urban, and Rural Population, by Gross
Region 69
2.8 Literacy and Education Rates by Language, Sex, and Ethnolinguistic
Community, 1897 70
2.9 Level of Educational Attainment by Gross Region, 1911 74
2.10 EthnolinguisticGroupsandTheirChange, 1897-1917 90
3.1 Geographic Distribution of Nations in the USSR, by Republic,
1926-1939 116
3.2 Distribution of Russians by Union and Autonomous Republics,
1917-1939 118
3.3 Urbanization in the USSR by Union Republic and Nation,
1926-1939 122
3.4 Indigenous and Russian Composition of the Urban Population by
UnionRepublic, 1926-1959 123
3.5 Book Publication in the USSR, 1913-1937 128
3.6 LiteracyRatesbyRepublic, 1897-1939 130
3.7 Education Rates by Indigenous Nation, Russians and Republic, 1939 131
3.8 Employment in Mental and Physical Labor Outside Agriculture,
1926-1939 133
3.9 National Consolidation of Ethnographic Groups, 1926-1959 136
3.10 NativeLanguageRetention, 1926-1959 140
3.11 International Marriage Rates by Republic and Indigenous Nation,
1936 141
4.1 The Concentration of National Members in Their Home Republics,
1959-1989 161
4.2 Total and Russian Net Migration, 1979-1991 167
4.3 Nations as a Percentage of Their Respective Home Republic
Populations, 1959-1989 174
4.4 Relative Change in the National Composition of the Population by
Republic, 1959-1989 176
4.5 Population Born in the Republic of Current Residence, 1989 186
5.1 Urban Population of the USSR, by Nation and Home Republic,
1926-1959 201
xiv • Tables
5.2 Urban Population of the USSR, by Nation and Home Republic,
1959-1989 203
5.3 Urbanization in the USSR, by Nation and Home Republic,
1959-1989 207
5.4 The Location of National Members in Their Home Republics,
1959-1989 212
5.5 Location of National Members Outside Their Respective Home
Republics, 1959-1989 215
5.6 National Composition of the Urban Population by Republic, 1959—
1989 220
5.7 Urban Migration by Nation and Republic, 1989 224
5.8 Higher and Secondary Education (Complete and Incomplete) in the
USSR 227
5.9 Higher Education Rates (Complete and Incomplete) by Nation,
1959-1979 229
5.10 Students in Higher Educational Institutions at the Beginning of
School Years 1974-1975 and 1989-1990, by Nation 232
5.11 Indigenous Proportion of Students Entering Higher Education,
by Republic 233
5.12 Class Composition of Soviet Nations, 1959-1979 237
5.13 Specialists with a Higher or Specialized Secondary Education by
Nation 239
5.14 Proportional Representation of Indigenes in Blue- and White-Collar
Work Force, 1967-1987; Proportional Representation of
Indigenes among Directors of Enterprises and Organizations, 1989 241
5.15 International Attitudes among Male Tatars, 1967 245
6.1 Number of Pupils with Russian and Native Language Instruction,
1965-1972 256
6.2 Liinguage of Instruction Preferred by Parents 256
6.3 Language of Publication by Republic, 1970—1988 259
6.4 Native Language Retention and Linguistic Russification by Nation,
1959-1989 266
6.5 Native Language Retention Rates by Nation and Location Inside and
Outside of the Home Republic, 1959-1989 273
6.6 Linguistic Russification of Indigenes in Homeland Urban and Rural
Locations, 1959—1989 276
6.7 Linguistic Russification of Nonindigenes in Urban and Rural
Locations, 1959-1989 279
6.8 Russian as a Second Language by Nation and Location Inside and
Outside the Home Republic, 1970-1989 290
6.9 Nonindigenes Claiming Fluency in the Indigenous Language as a
FirstorSecondLanguage, 1970-1989 294
6.10 Comparison of Positive Attitudes to International Marriage
(mid-1970s) with Actual Rates for Selective Nations, 1978 297
6.11 International Family Proportions in the USSR by Republic,
1959-1989 298
Tables
6.12 Average Annual Percentage Point Change in the Proportion of
International Families by Republic for Total, Urban, and Rural
Populations, 1959-1989
6.13 International Marriage Rates by Nation and Sex, 1978-1988
6.14 InternationalMarriageRatesbyAgeandNation, 1978-1988
6.15 Intermarriage Rates for Lithuanians and Russians in Vilnius and
Kaunas, 1947 and 1980
6.16 IndigenousChangeinInternationalMarriageRates, 1978-1988
7.1 National Income and Trade Balances, and Potential Debt Burden,
1988
7.2 National Composition of Total Population, and Delegates to
Congress of Peoples Deputies, Republican Supreme Soviets, and
Local Soviets