Geography and Drug Addiction PDF
Preview Geography and Drug Addiction
Geography and Drug Addiction · · Yonette F. Thomas Douglas Richardson Ivan Cheung Editors Geography and Drug Addiction Foreword by Douglas Richardson 123 Editors YonetteF.Thomas IvanCheung NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse InsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafety NationalInstitutesofHealth 1005N.GlebeRoad EpidemiologyResearchBranch ArlingtonVA22201 DivisionofEpidemiology, Suite800 ServicesandPreventionResearch USA Bethesda,MD USA DouglasRichardson AssociationofAmerican Geographers 171016thSt.,Nw WashingotnDC20009 USA [email protected] ISBN:978-1-4020-8508-6 e-ISBN:978-1-4020-8509-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008925135 (cid:2)c 2008SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V. Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception ofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingentered andexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Foreword Making Connections: Geography and Drug Addiction Geographyinvolvesmakingconnections–connectionsinourworldamongpeople andplaces,cultures,humanactivities,andnaturalprocesses.Itinvolvesunderstand- ing the relationships and ‘connections’ between seemingly disparate or unrelated ideasandbetweenwhatisandwhatmightbe. Geography also involves connecting with people. When I first encountered an extraordinarily vibrant, intelligent, and socially engaged scientist at a private din- nerseveralyearsago,Iwasimmediatelycaptivatedbytheintensityofherpassion to understand how and why people become addicted to drugs, and what could be donetotreatorpreventdrugaddiction.Fortunately,shewaswillingtothinkbeyond the bounds of her own discipline in her search for answers. Our conversation that evening, which began with her research on fundamental biochemical processes of drugaddictioninthehumanbody,evolvedinevitablytoanexplorationoftheways in which research on the geographical context of drug addiction might contribute to the better understanding of etiology of addiction, its diffusion, its interaction with geographically variable environmental, social, and economic factors, and the strategiesforitstreatmentandprevention. This fascinating woman, I soon learned, was Nora Volkow, the Director of the NationalInstituteonDrugAbuseaswellasthegranddaughterofLeonTrotsky.Our chance encounter that evening led to further wide-ranging discussions during sev- eralsubsequentmonthsontheinteractionsbetweengeographyanddrugaddiction, resulting ultimately in an agreement between the Association of American Geog- raphers and the National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) National Institute on Drug Abuse(NIDA)tojointlysponsoraspecialsymposiumonresearchtopicsrelatedto geographyanddrugaddiction. ThisspecialAAG/NIDASymposiumeventuallytookplaceinMarch8,2006in conjunction with the 2006 Annual Meeting of the AAG in Chicago, Illinois. We invited interested geographers, neuroscientists, GIScientists, medical researchers, epidemiologists, geneticists, and others with expertise in geographical dimensions ofdrugaddictionandabusetoapplytoparticipateinthesymposium.Themesad- dressedincluded: (cid:2) (cid:2) Spatialpatternsofdruguseandaddiction Linkingspatialmodelswithneuroscienceandgeneticsindrugabuseresearch v vi Foreword (cid:2) Interaction of social and environmental factors with biochemical processes of (cid:2) addiction Geographic analysis linking demographic and genetic characteristics related to (cid:2) drugaddictionandtreatment (cid:2) Locationalanalysesofdrugaddictiontreatmentandservicedeliveryfacilities Neighborhood scale studies of geographic factors (including the built environ- (cid:2) ment)andtheirinteractionwithdrugaddiction,treatment,orprevention UseofGeographicInformationSystemstobetterunderstandandrespondtodrug (cid:2) addiction Spatialdiffusionmodelingofaddictivedrugusageanditschangingcharacteris- (cid:2) tics,includingpredictivemodeling Interaction of other spatially dependent variables with drug addiction, or with (cid:2) preventionandtreatmentstrategies Othergeographicresearchrelevanttobetterunderstandingtheetiologyofdrug useandaddiction Attendance at the Geography and Drug Abuse Symposium was open to all and generated wide-ranging discussion and many new ideas for research and collab- oration. Results of the symposium and subsequent conversations among the par- ticipants appear in this book, which we hope will help guide the development of future research agendas within geography and GIScience, and within NIDA and morebroadlyatNIH. There has not been a great deal of past research on the connections between geographyanddrugaddiction.Thus,itisimportanttonotethatthepurposeofthis book is to explore the relatively new terrain of an embryonic field of research. As such,thisbookrepresentsaninitialattempttoidentifyresearchideas,connections, and research pathways which point to some promising avenues for future work in thisarea. It is our hope that our initial explorations of research pathways and agendas in this book will generate far greater interest in and significant funding for this im- portant new field. If we are successful in this goal, we look forward to publishing subsequent volumes reporting on what we believe will soon be a rapidly growing andmaturefieldofresearch,essentialtounderstandingandtreatingdrugaddiction.I wouldliketothankourpublisher,Springer,whoseeditorswerequicktoappreciate the significance of this new field of research and encouraged our early efforts by publishing not only this first volume exploring these linkages and research needs, butbyalsobyinitiatinganewseriesofbooksonthistheme,withthisbookasthe initialvolumeintheseries. Wealsohopethatthe‘connections’forgedbetweenthetopicsofgeographyand drugaddiction–andbetweentheAAGandNIDA–willprovidegeographiccontext andanalysistosupportNIH’songoingeffortstounderstandthecomplexprocesses of drug addiction. I believe this book and these connections have the potential to create an extraordinarily fertile new field for geographic research, one which has significant potential for real-world benefit through better understanding and treat- mentofthescourgewhichisdrugaddiction. Foreword vii I would like to thank Nora Volkow, who helped ‘brainstorm’ this collaborative processandwhodeliveredthesymposium’skeynoteaddress,andourdistinguished NIDAcolleaguesYonetteThomasandWilsonComptonfortheirsustainedsupport andfriendship,aswellasthemanycolleaguesandcontributorsfromtheworldsof geographyandmedicalscienceswhomadethesymposiumandthisbookpossible. DouglasRichardson ExecutiveDirector AssociationofAmericanGeographers Contents PartI IntegratingGeographyinDrugAbuseResearch 1 PlacingSubstanceAbuse ........................................ 1 SaraMcLafferty 2 IntegratingGeographyandSocialEpidemiologyinDrugAbuse Research ...................................................... 17 YonetteThomas,DouglasRichardsonandIvanCheung PartII Geo-epidemiologyinDrugAbuseResearch 3 IntegratingGISintotheStudyofContextualFactorsAffecting InjectionDrugUseAlongtheMexico/USBorder .................. 27 KimberlyC.Brouwer,JohnR.Weeks,RemediosLozadaandSteffanie A.Strathdee 4 TheSpatialContextofAdolescentAlcoholUse .................... 43 KarenA.Snedker,JeraldR.Herting 5 MigrationPatternsandSubstanceUseamongYoungHomeless Travelers ...................................................... 65 Stephen E. Lankenau, BillSanders, Jennifer Jackson Bloom, Dodi Hathazi,EricaAlarcon,StephanieTortuandMichaelC.Clatts 6 ResidentialMobilityandDrugUseAmongParoleesinSanDiego, CaliforniaandImplicationsforPolicy ............................ 85 MeaganCahillandNancyLaVigne 7 SocialDisorganization,Alcohol,andDrugMarketsandViolence ....117 AniruddhaBanerjee,ElizabethLaScala,PaulJ.Gruenewald,Bridget Freisthler,AndrewTrenoandLillianG.Remer ix x Contents 8 IntegratedAssessmentofAddictionEpidemiologyinHongKong, 1996–2005 .....................................................131 ShuiShanLeeandPhoebeTTPang 9 ResidentialSegregationandthePrevalenceofInjectionDrugUse amongBlackAdultResidentsofUSMetropolitanAreas ............145 Hannah L.F Cooper, Samuel R. Friedman, Barbara Tempalski andRisaFriedman 10 TheRelationshipofEcologicalContainmentandHeroinPractices ...159 AvelardoValdezandAliceCepeda 11 Comparing Unintentional Opioid Poisoning Mortality in Metropolitan and Non-Metropolitan Counties, United States, 1999–2003 .....................................................175 NabarunDasgupta,MicheleJo¨nssonFunkandJohnS.Brownstein 12 Spatial Patterns of Clandestine Methamphetamine Labs in ColoradoSprings,Colorado .....................................193 MaxLuandJessicaBurnum 13 ATherapeuticLandscape?ContextualizingMethamphetaminein NorthDakota ..................................................209 KevinRomigandAlexFeidler 14 AreSpatialVariablesImportant?TheCaseofMarketsforMultiple DrugsinBritishBengal .........................................221 SiddharthChandraandAaronSwoboda PartIII GeographyofInjectionDrugUsersandHIV 15 HumanImmunodeficiencyVirus(HIV)InfectionRatesandHeroin Trafficking:FearfulSymmetries .................................243 ChrisBeyrer 16 MetropolitanAreaCharacteristics,InjectionDrugUseandHIV AmongInjectors ...............................................255 SamuelR.Friedman,BarbaraTempalski,HannahCooper,Spencer Lieb,JoanneBrady,PeterL.Flom,RisaFriedman,KarlaGostnelland DonCDesJarlais Contents xi 17 FactorsInfluencingDrugUseandHIVRiskinTwoNicaraguan Cities .........................................................267 Michele G. Shedlin, Rita Arauz, Pascual Ortells, Mariana Aburto andDaniloNorori 18 DrugUseandHIV/AIDS:RiskEnvironments inPost-SovietRussia............................................287 DominiqueMoran 19 SubstanceAbuseandHIVinChina ..............................305 XiushiYang PartIV GeographicDimensionsofDrugTreatmentandPrevention 20 PlacingtheDynamicsofSyringeExchangeProgramsintheUnited States .........................................................319 BarbaraTempalski 21 Theeffectofindividual,program,andneighborhoodvariableson continuityoftreatmentamongduallydiagnosedindividuals ........337 Gerald J. Stahler, Silvana Mazzella, Jeremy Mennis, Sanjoy Chakravorty,GeorgeRengertandRalphSpiga 22 ExploringtheReciprocalEffectsofSubstanceAbuseTreatment ProvisionandAreaSubstanceAbuse .............................353 MatthewE.Archibald 23 UsingaGISFrameworktoAssessHurricaneRecoveryNeedsof SubstanceAbuseCenterClientsinKatrina-andRita-AffectedAreas 369 TraciCraigGreenandCynthiaPope 24 UsingGIStoIdentifyDrugMarketsandReduceDrug-Related Violence .......................................................395 EleazerD.Hunt,MartySumner,ThomasJ.ScholtenandJamesM. Frabutt PartV EmergingResearchDirections 25 Modeling the Spatial Patterns of Substance and Drug Abuse intheUS ......................................................415 SucharitaGopal,MattAdams,MarkVanelli xii Contents 26 ReconceptualizingSociogeographicContextfortheStudyofDrug Use,Abuse,andAddiction ......................................437 Mei-PoKwan,RuthD.Peterson,ChristopherR.Browning,LoriA. Burrington,CatherineA.CalderandLaurenJ.Krivo 27 SpatialAnalyticApproachestoExplainingtheTrendsandPatterns ofDrugOverdoseDeaths........................................447 Charlie DiMaggio, Angela Bucciarelli, Kenneth J. Tardiff, David VlahovandSandroGalea References.........................................................465 Index .............................................................521
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