Table Of Content

ENGINEERING TOOLS, TECHNIQUES AND TABLES G I EOGRAPHIC NFORMATION S (GIS) YSTEMS T , A ECHNIQUES PPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. E T , T NGINEERING OOLS ECHNIQUES T AND ABLES Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the e-book tab. ENGINEERING TOOLS, TECHNIQUES AND TABLES G I EOGRAPHIC NFORMATION S (GIS) YSTEMS T , A ECHNIQUES PPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES DAYNA NIELSON EDITOR New York Copyright © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. 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If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:21)(cid:28)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:26) (eBook) Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Application of Vehicle Routing Problem for Sustainable Waste Collection: Case Study of Altoona, Pennsylvania 1 Timothy J. Dolney Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework for Using GIS in Building Community Capital towards Sustainability 33 Sungsoon Hwang Chapter 3 Spatio-Temporal Visualization and Analysis Techniques in GIS 67 Song Gao Chapter 4 GIS Applications in Modern Crop Protection 97 Martin Scheiber, Benno Kleinhenz and Manfred Roehrig Chapter 5 GIS Applications in Practice: Exploring Spatial Dynamic of Transport Activities 115 Tiebei Li (Terry) Chapter 6 Establishing Megalith Transport Routes Using Geographical Information System 137 Graham Brodie and Leslie C. Hazell vi Contents Chapter 7 Geoinformation Systems for Studying Seismicity and Impact Cratering Using Remote Sensing Data 151 A. V. Mikheeva, An. G. Marchuk and P. G. Dyadkov Chapter 8 Role of Geographic Information System for Water Quality Evaluation 217 Deepesh Machiwal and Madan Kumar Jha Chapter 9 Flood Risks Analysis in a Littoral African City: Using Geographic Information System 279 Nkeki Felix Ndidi and Ojeh Vincent Nduka Chapter 10 Use of Remote Sensing and GIS for Groundwater Potential Mapping in Crystalline Basement Rock (Sabodala Mining Region, Senegal) 317 I. Mall, M. Diaw, H. D. Madioune, P. M. Ngom and S. Faye Index 337 PREFACE Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has emerged as a powerful tool for solving complex problems due to its capabilities to integrate, visualize, and analyze geographic data across domains and disciplines. An urgent need for balancing fundamental human needs with ecological capacity has compelled us to utilize geospatial technology for the sustainable future. This volume showcases GIS applications in transportation, water management, agriculture, seismology, archeology, and community development. Part I highlights different GIS techniques: network analysis to optimize solid waste collection; spatio-temporal analysis of phone-call records to explore human mobility; spatial interpolation and overlay to assess water quality. Part II illustrates GIS applications in planning for future and reconstructing the past: how GIS is used to aid asset-building processes for sustainable community development, enhance the transport planner’s toolbox through visualization of transportation activities, and determine likely land pathways to transport megaliths. Part III exhibits integration of geospatial technology (GIS, GPS, remote sensing) for environmental monitoring and sustainable management of natural resources. Geospatial technologies are coupled with modeling to automate the pesticide spraying process and forecast pests; analyze the spatial patterns of seismicity; identify flood prone areas and assess groundwater potential. This volume provides a snapshot of current developments in the geospatial fields, and will be valuable to academics and practitioners in geography, planning, and sustainability science. Table of Contents I. Techniques viii Dayna Nielson 1. Application of Vehicle Routing Problem for Sustainable Waste Collection: Case Study of Altoona, Pennsylvania 2. Spatio-Temporal Visualization and Analysis Techniques in GIS 3. Role of Geographic Information System for Water Quality Evaluation II. Applications 4. Conceptual Framework for using GIS in Building Community Capital towards Sustainability 5. GIS Applications in Practice: Exploring Spatial Dynamic of Transport Activities 6. Establishing Megalith Transport Routes Using Geographical Information System III. Technologies 7. GIS Applications in Modern Crop Protection 8. Geoinformation Systems for Studying Seismicity and Impact Cratering Using Remote Sensing Data 9. Flood Risks Analysis in a Littoral African City: Using Geographic Information System 10. Use of Remote Sensing and GIS for Groundwater Potential Mapping in Crystalline Basement Rock (Sabodala Mining Region, Senegal) Chapter 1 - The management of solid waste in the City of Altoona, Pennsylvania, USA is unique in that a department responsible for the design and collection of solid waste is non-existent. Further, the city does not contract any particular company for collection. Rather, the city utilizes a freedom to choose system where residents can choose from any one of twenty companies for their solid waste collection. The Intermunicipal Relations Committee (IRC) is the local organization responsible for overseeing and enforcing waste and recycling regulations within the city. The freedom to choose system is highly inefficient. The sheer number of companies operating within the city makes it difficult for the IRC to enforce regulations as each company’s customers are scattered throughout the city. On any particular day, several collection trucks could be driving through the same neighborhood. This result in lengthy collection times and unnecessary miles traveled. This research utilizes the GIS spatial analyst vehicle routing problem (VRP) function to model the current freedom to choose collection system and determine total collection times, miles traveled, and number of trips to the transfer station. Two alternative collection scenarios are proposed and modeled. Results indicate the inefficiencies associated with current collection when compared to two