Geographic information systems, remote sensing and mapping for the development and management of marine aquaculture PDF
Preview Geographic information systems, remote sensing and mapping for the development and management of marine aquaculture
FAO 1 TEFCIHSHNPEAIRPCIEAERLS $£ Geographic information systems, remote sensing 458 and mapping for the development and management of marine aquaculture Copyrightedmaterial --I TJdfsCbaaeahleobraroevvu,amoee)niiwmrldnsismoagpt,hapn,hhogmtiioewaemntssrnpnoeida:taatgcsrustaheiltsinnramgtdarohertfi-feamctgranaaeieqttnccseuhahatpsgwcol2yaueasct0lnmtoe0tneenr0uimnvrnitetegonoyfponofutfnonpthrersmetosoahtrvfAreeeaftipcrselnrtihaneeeoonvsdurtiaesierqfncjuotkaoasniqrccnmaudoudaelsmlscnmptautooeuln,fnrttdeiuGcf.tIrcoaiSehmr,v.TapmenherTnteieaheniymdlettvosii,habtnoenaecnpltcrRsuakboedeggevelner,iotssdoniwfecunefrsagnoeovrdpnaimrrnpaeaildhsieqmtfsouemtuitaanatccogrpoouyptnla,rdaliti4iikung1etehrgn°itne,osaLnaopspasennitpct.ldfie2ioSe2fcrssiyae,sFatlh7qesiee2ucobur°tanriciecsuhLosuaot,nalrnhstyda.ausetnr2Wavde0a.le.d0zmldC4oMoohrniin(peillCsmnedaose'gnusnt,irdetsithmsnetoauptrsfereeoysrmursitfoiaoe,funtralumtFwsrhaeaoeeeklruesgintdanahalengnrddno Chileoneoftheworld'stopproducersoffarmedsalmon. Copyrightedmaterial Geographic information FAO FISHERIES TECHNICAL systems, remote sensing PAPER 458 and mapping for the development and management of marine aquaculture by JamesMcDaidKapetsky Consultant Jos4Aguilar-Manjarrez FisheryResourcesOfficer AquacultureManagementandConservationService FAOFisheriesandAquacultureDepartment FOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONS Rome,2007 Copyrightedmaterial Thementionoromissionofspecificcompanies,theirproductsorbrandnamesdoesnotimplyany endorsementorjudgementbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheunitednations. Tprhoedduecstigdnoatniootnismepmlpyltohyeeedxparnedsstihoenporfeasennytoatpiionnioonfwmhaatetrsioaelvienrtohinstihnefopramrattion oftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthe legalordevelopmentstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities, orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries. ISBN978-92-5-105646-2 Allrightsreserved.Reproductionanddisseminationofmaterialinthisinformation productforeducationalorothernon-commercialpurposesareauthorizedwithout aacnkynporwiloredwgrietdt.enRepperromdiuscstiioonnfrofommattheericaolpyinritghhistihnoflodremrastpiroonvpirdoeddutchtefsorourrecsealiesofruloltyher cApopmlmiecractiiaonlspfuorrpsouscehspiesrpmrioshsiibointesdhwoiutlhdobuetwardidtrteesnspeedrtmoi:ssionofthecopyrightholders. Chief ElectronicPublishingPolicyandSupportBranch CommunicationDivision FAO VialedelleTermediCaracalla,00153Rome,Italy orbye-mailto: [email protected] ©FAO2007 Copyrightedmaterial Hi Preparation ofthis document ThemainpurposeofthisdocumentistopromotetheuseofGeographic InformationSystems(GIS),remotesensingandmappingtoimprovethesustain- abilityofmarineaquaculture.Focusingondevelopingcountries,ouremphasisis onimplementationofGISattheleastcostandtheuseofdatathatarefreelyavail- ableviadownloadfromtheInternet.Ourapproachistodemonstratetheutility andlimitationsofGIS,remotesensingandmappingthroughselectedexamplesof avarietyofapplicationsofthesetools. FATOhiAsqiusaocnueltoufrteheMparnoadguectmsenintaalnodngColinnseeorfvattecihonnicSaelnadcetievitthiaestudnedalesrtwaiktehnsbpyattihael toolstoimprovethesustainabilityofaquacultureandinlandfisheries.Theintended audienceforthispublicationconsistsofprofessionalsinthefisheriessectorat managerialandtechnicallevelsingovernmentservice,ininternationalorganiza- tionDsr.aJn.dMi.nKtahpeeatqsukaycuilstaurfeorimnedurstFrAy.OSeniorFisheryResourcesOfficer. Thie One D7FD-!iGX-rC4oApXy0rightedmaterial iv Abstract GeographicInformationSystems(GIS),remotesensingandmappinghavearole toplayinallgeographicandspatialaspectsofthedevelopmentandmanagementof marineaquaculture.Satellite,airborne,groundandunderseasensorsacquiremuch oftherelateddata,especiallydataontemperature,currentvelocity,waveheight, chlorophyllconcentrationandlandandwateruse.GISisusedtomanipulateand analyzespatialandattributedatafromallsources.Itisalsousedtoproducereports inmap,databaseandtextformattofacilitatedecision-making. TheobjectiveofthisdocumentistoillustratethewaysinwhichGeographic InformationSystems,remotesensingandmappingcanplayaroleinthedevelop- mentandmanagementofmarineaquacultureperseandinrelationtocompet- ingandconflictinguses.Theperspectiveisglobal.Theapproachistoemploy exampleapplicationsthathavebeenaimedatresolvingmanyoftheimportant issuesinmarineaquaculture.Thefocusisonthewaystoolshavebeenemployed fwoercpornosbildeermGsIoSlvFiinsgh,,ntohteoUnNthFeotoodolasnadndAgtreicchunlotluorgeiOersgtahneimzsaetlivoens.(IFnAOth)isInrteegranredt, gatewaytoGIS,remotesensingandmappingasappliedtoaquacultureandinland fisheries,asacomplementaryresourcetothistechnicalpaper. Theunderlyingpurposeistostimulatetheinterestofindividualsinthegov- ernment,industryandeducationalsectorsofmarineaquaculturetomakemore effectiveuseofthesetools.Abriefintroductiontospatialtoolsandtheiruseinthe marinefisheriessectorprecedestheexampleapplications.Themostrecentapplica- tionshavebeenselectedtobeindicativeofthestateoftheart,allowingreadersto maketheirownassessmentsofthebenefitsandlimitationsofuseofthesetoolsin theirowndisciplines.Otherapplicationshavebeenselectedinordertoillustrate theevolutionofthedevelopmentofthetools. ThemainemphasisisonGIS.Remotesensingisviewedasanessentialtoolfor thecaptureofdatasubsequentlytobeincorporatedintoaGISandforrealtime monitoringofenvironmentalconditionsforoperationalmanagementofaquacul- turefacilities.MapsusuallyareoneoftheoutputsofaGIS,butcanbeeffective toolsforspatialcommunicationintheirownright.Thus,examplesofmappingfor aquacultureareincluded. Theapplicationsareorganizedissue-wisealongthemainstreamsofmarineaqua- culture:cultureoffishesincages,cultureofshellfishesandcultureofmarineplants. Boththerecentandhistoricalapplicationsaresummarizedintables.Becausedata availabilityisoneoftheprimeissuesintheuseofspatialtoolsinmarineaquacul- ture,acasestudyisincludedthatillustrateshowfreelydownloadabledatacanbe usedtoestimatemarineaquaculturepotentialandasectionisdevotedtodescribing variouskindsofdata.BecausetheultimatepurposeofGISistoaiddecision-mak- ing,asectionondecisionsupporttoolsisincluded. Finally,wesummarizeourfindingsandreachsomeconclusionsonthestateof theapplicationofGIS,remotesensingandmappingforthedevelopmentandman- agementofmarineaquaculture. KGaepoegtrsakpyh,icJ.iMn.f;orAmgautiiloanr-sMysatnejmasr,rreezm,oJt.esensingandmappingforthedevelopment aFnAdOmaFinsahgereimeesnTtecohfnimcaarlinPeapaeqruaNcoul.tu4r5e8..Rome,FAO.2007.125pp. Copyrightedmaterial Acknowledgements Wewouldliketothankourmanycolleagueswhokindlyprovidedcopiesoftheir papers,articlesandtechnicalreportsforreview.Specialthanksgotoourreviewers formanyvaluablecomments.Theywere,inalphabeticalorder:WilliamArnold, MalcolmBeveridge,WilliamFisher,AlessandroLovatelli,JamesMuir,Oscar Perez,LindsayRoss,PhilipScottandDorisSoto.Also,wewouldliketothank SteveWalkerforhisusefulcontributionstoTable4.3.TinaFarmerandFran^oise Schatto-Terribleproofedthedocumentandsuperviseditspublication.Sylviane BorghesipreparedthecoverandFabioCarocciassistedinitsdesign.Thedocument layoutspecialistwasNadiaPellicciotta. Copyrightedmaterial vi Contents PArbesptarraacttionofthisdocument ikii Acknowledgements v Figures viii Tables x Acronymsandabbreviations xii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Objectivesandoverview 1 1.2 Theimportanceofmarineaquaculture 3 1.2.1Productionandtrendsinmarineaquacultureinthefisheriessector 3 1.2.2Importantcountriesinmariculture 3 1.2.3Importantgroupsofaquaticspeciesinmariculture 3 11...422...154IDmepvoerltoapnmceentbyanExdclmuasinvaegEecmoennotmiocfZmoanreinaereaaquaculture 43 1.3 Spatialcontextofnearshoreandoffshoreissuesshapingmarine aquaculture 5 1.3.1Nearshoreandoffshorerealms 5 1.3.2Nearshoreandoffshoreissues 2 1.3.3Advancedplanningformarineaquaculture j 1.4 IntroductiontoGeographicInformationSystems,remotesensingand mapping 9 1 Marineaquaculturedevelopmentandmanagementfromaspatial perspective 9 2.GEOGRAPHICINFORMATIONSYSTEMS.REMOTESENSINGAND OVERVIEW JJ 2.1 HistoryofGeographicInformationSystems Tj 2.2 GeographicInformationSystemsinthemarineenvironment ij 2.3 GeographicInformationSystems,remotesensing,andmapping publicationsinthefisheriessector U 2.3.1Reviewsandmanuals 12 2.3.2Symposia,workshopsandtheInternet 14 3-REVIEWOFSELECTEDAPPUGAT1QNS 12 3.1 Mappingapplicationsinmarineaquaculture 12 3.1.1Introductiontomapping 17 3.1.2Mappingaimedatthedevelopmentofaquaculture i§ 3.1.3Mappingforaquaculturepracticeandmanagement 25 3.2 Remotesensingapplicationsinmarineaquaculture 27 3.2.1Overviewofremotesensingapplications 27 3.2.2Remotesensingaimedatthedevelopmentofaquaculture 29 3.2.3Remotesensingforaquaculturepracticeandmanagement 30 VII 3.3 GeographicInformationSystemsapplicationsinmarinequaculture 33 3.3.1IntroductiontoGeographicInformationSystemsapplicationsto marinecages 33 GISaimedatthedevelopmentofmarinecageaquaculture 34 GISforaquaculturepracticeandmanagementofmarinecages 41 GISformultisectoraldevelopmentandmanagementthatincludes marineaquacultureincages 42 3.3.2IntroductiontoGeographicInformationSystemsforshellfish culture 45 GISaimedatthedevelopmentofmarineshellfishaquaculture 45 GISforshellfishaquaculturepracticeandmanagement 49 GISformultisectoraldevelopmentandmanagementthatincludes marineshellfishaquaculture. 59 3.3.3IntroductionofGeographicInformationSystemslorseaweed milttire 65 3.4 Economics,socio-economicsandGIS 65 3.4.1Economicsandcageculture 66 3.4.2Economicsandsocio-economicsofglobalaquaculture 67 4. ESTIMATINGOPENOCEANAQUACULTUREPOTENTIALINEXCLUSIVE ECONOMICZONESWITHREMOTESENSINGANDGIS;ARECONNAISSANCE ZJ 4J Introduction ZJ 4-2 Material-,andmethods ZJ 43 Results ZS AA Discussion 2J 5. DATAAVAILABILITY 2Z 5.1 GeographicInformationSystemsdatawithglobalcoverage 87 5.1.1GeographicinformationSystemsdalacompilations 88 5.1.2Realtimeremotelysenseddataforoperationalmanagement 90 5-2 Nationaldata 2J 6. DECISION-MAKINGANDMODELLINGTOOLSINGIS 23 6J InlmdiidJon 23 62 Classification 23 6.3 Multi-criteriaevaluation 24 6.4 Modelling 95 6.5 Decisionsupporttools 97 7. SUMMARY,DISCUSSIONANDCONCLUSION? 103 7.1 Summary 103 L2 Discussionandconclusions 106 8. GLOSSARY UJ References 115 Copyrightedmaterial 2 viii Figures 11..12 PMarroidcuuclttiuornetprreondduscbtvioennvainrdocnummeunltatinivteheprfoidshuecrtiieosnseicnt2or001499e5x-c2l0u0d4mqChina ?? 1.3 MaricultureproductiontrendsbvI5CAAPqroup 4 1.4 Maricultureproductionin2004andEEZarea(excludinqChina) 4 1.5 Caaetypeslikelytobefoundinsitesofclasses1to4 6 2.1 CateqoriesofchallenqefacinqfisheriesGIS 13 2.2 GlSFishhomepaqe(prototypeversionof17January2007) 16 3.1 PotentialsitesforseafarminqdevelopmentinLampunq 15 3.2 ProposedManaqementAreasfortheaquacultureindustryinthecoastalwatersof theShetlandIsles ?n 33..34a OPrvoeprovsieedwAmMapAs1shownaqamstabackqroundofmarinefarmingconstraints 21 identifieddurmqthestaqe1assessmentprocess 77 3.4b MainandsecondarynaviqationalroutesintheKaiparaHarbour 23 3.5a Siteselectionstudytoidentifypotentialzonesforcoastalaauaculturedevelopment inMalagaprovince.Spam 74 3.5b Individualaquacultureinstallations,aerialphotoqraphandplanviewofportfacility. Malaqaprovince,Spain 24 3.6a OverviewofAvailableAquaGISServicesfromtheHelpPage 26 3.6b AquaGISmapbrowsershowinqaquaculturesites,siteboundariesandcommunities 26 3.6c AquaGISmapbrowsershowinqlayersthatcanbeaccessedintheSouthCoast ReqionalAquacultureGIS 27 36d AquaculturesiteprofileandcorrespondingmaplocationfromAquaGIS 78 3.7 SiteSuitabilityModellinaProcess 28 3.8a fishkills 31 3.8b Paralyticshellfishpoisoninq 31 3.9 Developmentofanalqalbloomin2003 3? 3.10 Wavesuitabilitymapfor(a)SeaStation,(b)OceanSparand(c)Corelsacaqes 36 3.11 Maoonentirereservations 36 3.12a Conceptualstructureofthesuitabilityanalysisforinteorationofmarinefishcaqes withinthetourismindustryinTenerife 38 3.12b Conceptualstructureofthesuitabilityanalysisformarinefishcaqesiteselectionin Tenerife(asahierarchicalstructure)showinqtheweiqhtsassiqnedtothedifferent factorsandsubmodels 40 3.13 Architectureoftheinteqratedmodel 42 314 Contourrasterimageforfishfarmsiteshowinqpredictedfaecalcarbonsettlement tothesediment,usinaGISdispersionmodel,(a)Staticcaqesmodel,(b)movinq caqesmodel 43 3.15 OpenoceanaquacultureintheBayofFundy.Canada 44 3.16 Suitabilityforshrimp,bivalvemolluscsandtroutfarmingacrosstheState ofRiodeJaneiro.Brazil 48 3.17a Methodologicalframeworktoassessoysterculturepossibilitiesonraftsinlaqoons 3.17b FaitnaIlslamaMaprqsahroitwai.nqVeanreezausealcacaonudnttmwqofnoeramrobyresmtahlalner8i0sl%anodfspossiblelocalities{)in 51 southernMacanaoandCochecovering4.1knr 5? 3.18 Lossofdurationofimmersion(in%>foratheoreticalsiltationrateof50 centimetresonoysterleaseqroundsinBancsdeRonceandBourgeois 52 3,19 AnexampleofthedigitizedrenditionoftheMarylandBayBottomSurveyinthe ChoptankRiverregion 56
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