Geodesy on the Move: Gravity, Geoid, Geodynamics and Antarctica PDF
Preview Geodesy on the Move: Gravity, Geoid, Geodynamics and Antarctica
International Association of Geodesy Symposia Klaus-Peter Schwarz, Series Editor Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo International Association of Geodesy Symposia Klaus-Peter Schwarz, Series Editor Symposium 101: Global and Regional Geodynamics Symposium 102: Global Positioning System: An Overview Symposium 103: Gravity, Gradiometry, and Gravimetry Symposium 104: Sea Surface Topography and the Geoid Symposium 105: Earth Rotation and Coordinate Reference Frames Symposium 106: Determination of the Geoid: Present and Future Symposium 107: Kinematic Systems in Geodesy, Surveying, and Remote Sensing Symposium 108: Applications of Geodesy to Engineering Symposium 109: Permanent Satellite Tracking Networks for Geodesy and Geodynamics Symposium 110: From Mars to Greenland: Charting Gravity with Space and Airborne Instruments Symposium 111: Recent Geodetic and Gravimetric Research in Latin America Symposium 112: Geodesy and Physics of the Earth: Geodetic Contributions to Geodynamics Symposium 113: Gravity and Geoid Symposium 114: Geodetic Theory Today Symposium 115: GPS Trends in Precise Terrestrial, Airborne, and Spaceborne Applications Symposium 116: Global Gravity Field and Its Temporal Variations Symposium 117: Gravity, Geoid and Marine Geodesy Symposium 118: Advances in Positioning and Reference Frames Symposium 119: Geodesy on the Move Geodesy on the Move Gravity, Geoid, Geodynamics and Antarctica lAG Scientific Assembly Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, September 3-9, 1997 Convened and Edited by Rene Forsberg, Martine Feissel and Reinhard Dietrich " Springer Volume Editors Series Editor Prof. Dr. Rene Forsberg Prof. Dr. Klaus-Peter Schwarz Department of Geodynamics University of Calgary Kort & Matrikelstyrelsen Department of Geomatics Engineering Rentemestervej 8 2500 University Drive N. W. DK-2400 Copenhagen NV Calgary, Alberta T2N IN4 Denmark Canada Prof. Dr. Martine Feissel Observatoire de Paris 61 Avenue de rObservatoire de Paris F-75014 Paris France Prof. Dr. Reinhard Dietrich Institut fur Planetare Geodasie Technische Universitat Dresden MommsenstraEe 13 D-Ol062 Dresden Germany Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Geodesy on the move: lAG Scientific Assembly, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, September 3-9, 1997/ convened and edited by Rene Forsberg, Martine Feissel and Reinhard Dietrich. p. cm. --(International Association of Geodesy symposia; symposium 119) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-3-642-72247-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-72245-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-72245-5 1. Gravity-Measurement-Congresses. 2. Earth-Figure-Congresses. 3. Geodynamics-Congresses. 4. Geodesy Antarctics-Congresses. I. Forsberg, Rene. II. Feissel, Martine. III. Dietrich, Reinhard, 1949- . IV. Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Geodesy (1997: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). V. Series. QB330.G45 1998 526' .1-DC21 98-28910 CIP This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms orin other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution act under German Copyright Law. © Springer-Ve riag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 Sofkover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1998 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Camera ready by editor/author Cover layout: design & production GmbH, Heidelberg SPIN: 10654039 32/3020 -5 43 210 -Printed of acid-free paper Dedication This volume is dedicated to the late Professor Herman van Gysen, an outstanding geodesist from South Africa, who as JAG Special Study Group president and co-convener took part in the preparation oft he Rio Scientific Assembly. He had to cancel his participation in the meeting at short notice due to the unexpected discovery of cancer, which claimed his life on February 19, 1998, at a far too young age. FOREWORD Klaus-Peter Schwarz, lAG President The University of Calgary The Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Geodesy (lAG) was held from September 3 to 9, 1997 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in conjunction with the 18th Brazilean Congress of Carthography. This was the first time that one ofthe major lAG meetings took place in Brazil. It provided an opportunity to showcase the progress of geodetic work in South America through campaigns such as SIRGAS. It also provided an opportunity for a large group of international experts to present the state of the art in ge odesy and geodynamis and to interact with their hosts on possibilities of future coopera tion. For the lAG, it continued a trend, started in Beijing four years ago, to hold major geodetic meetings outside of Europe and North America. The International Geoid School which was held in Sao Paulo following this meeting showed another facet of this grow ing internationalization of lAG activities and services. The scientific program of the meeting consisted of three symposia and two special ses sions, namely Symposiuml: Advances in Positioning and Reference Frames Symposium 2: Gravity and Geoid Symposium 3: Geodynamics Special Session 1: lAG Services Special Session 2: Geodesy in Antartica. Papers presented at the first symposium are published in volume 1 of these proceedings, while papers of symposia 2 and 3 as well as special session 2 are contained in volume 2. Papers presented at special session 1 will be published separately. More details on the individual volumes are given in the prefaces written by the convenors. The meeting was jointly organized by the lAG and the Brazilean Society of Cartography, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. The two local organizing committees worked closely together to economize on some of the organizational aspects and to guar antee a smooth running of two conferences in the same place. Thanks go to our Brazilean colleagues for their hard work and their warm hospitality. On the geodetic side, special thanks go to Professor D. Blitzkov, the national representative of the lAG who chaired the lAG Local Organizing Committee (LOC), and the dedicated group of individuals working working with him. Similarly, Professor W. Torge, past president of the lAG, who provided the liason between the LOC and the lAG Executive deserves a special vote of thanks. Finally, the symposium and session convenors who not only organized the scientific program but also took care of organizing the review rocess and editing these proceedings, are thanked for their outstanding efforts. PREFACE The International Association of Geodesy (lAG) held its Scientific Assembly in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-9 September 1997, in conjunction with the XVIII Brazilian Congress of Carthography. It was organized by the Brazilian Society of Carthography, Geodesy, Pho togrammetry and Remote Sensing, with Prof. D. Blitzkow as the lAG national organizer. This was the first time the regular (4-year interval) lAG Scientific Assembly was held in South America. The meeting was attended by approx. 250 participants from around the world. The meeting was difided into three main symposia: Advances in Positioning and Refer ence Frames, Gravity and Geoid, and Geodynamics. In addition, special sessions were scheduled on JAG services and Geodesy in Antarctica. The present proceedings (Vol. 119) -cover the symposia Gravity and Geoid, Geodynam ics, and the special session Geodesy in Antarctica. The title, Geodesy on the Move -Grav ity, Geoid, Geodynamics and Antarctica, symbolizes the dynamics of geodesy, both in terms of movement in the rapid scientific development of the field, the constant movement of the Earth's crust, and the move in geodesy to cover the whole Earth geodetically -with Antarctica as the last frontier. The proceedings were peer-reviewed in accordance with lAG rules. For the Gravity and Geoid symposium, the review process was organized by the session convenors: G. Boe decker, M.G. Sideris, N.K. Pavlis, and P. Holota, in cooperation with the symposium convenor (R. Forsberg). This is gratefully acknowledged. The Gravity and Geoid symposium was divided into four sessions: -Developments in static and kinematic gravimetry; -Global gravity field from gravimetry and satellite altimetry; -The geoid: theory and methods; -Regional geoids and the gravity field in South and Central America; These areas represent active areas of current research. In the area of gravimetry, the presentations show constant development towards increased accuracies at the 10-9 level, with new technological developments such as superconduct ing and airborne gravimetry, which continue to improve. The global gravity field session covers the ongoing developments of global spherical harmonic reference models, such as the newest global gravity field model EGM96, including developments in recovering the marine gravity field from satellite altimetry, and the prospects of future gravity field mis sions to yield improved models. Within the theoretical and methodological developments in geoid determination and gravity field modelling, new advances include presentations on wavelets, cap sizes and modified kernels, and on terrain corrections and harmonic con tinuation. The Global Gravity Field session was a special occasion to thank Prof. (Emeritus) R.H. Rapp, Ohio State University, who over the decades has been the pioneer and driving force in developing high-resolution global spherical harmonic models, with the EGM96 model being the crowning chievement, representing the combined efforts of space, military, and university groups. R.H. Rapp was presented a special memorial gift during the session. He gave an expanded overview of the topic, followed by presentations of many of his former students. The Geodynamics proceedings included: -Earth rotation and variations of the geopotential; -Reference frames and global deformations; -Combination of space observations with other observations of deformations. The symposium presented an excellent opportunity to survey the main results of more than a decade of work in setting up global reference frames and organizing programs to moni tor crustal deformations on a world wide or regional scale. During the 10 years of its existence, the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) has monitored and provided access to the International Celestial and Terrestrial Reference Systems and to the Earth's orientation with an overall consistency equivalent to 1 cm on the surface of the Earth. The International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) provides positions and velocities for about 300 sites worldwide. This continuing effort is based on the close cooperation of laboratories and agencies making use of VLBI and satellite-geodetic techniques (laser ranging, GPS, DORIS). Several global site motions solutions based on a single technique or on a combination of techniques were presented, showing that the motion of the major plates can be estimated with a precision of a few millimeters per year, thus allowing the study of some of the boundary zones. Plans or results were presented for a large number of crustal deformation programs based on space geodesy that concern many parts of the world: Asia-Pacific, Central Europe, the Middle-East, Egypt, the western Mediterranean Sea, the Andes, Cen tral America. A number of contributions deal with deformation studies based on the inte gration of space-geodetic observations (GPS) with other types of observations, such as SAR interferometry, tide gauges, strainmeters/tiltmeters, and variations in the vertical or geological data. Exciting results showing seasonal and longer term geopotential and geo center variations in the atmosphere-hydrosphere-solid Earth system, based both on space geodetic observations (SLR, DORIS) and atmospheric and oceanic data and models, were also presented. The Geodesy in Antarctica session was a special "interdisciplinary" geodesy session, added to the program by the lAG executive committee, in order to stress the importance of this continent in modem geodesy, and taking advantage of the location of the lAG Scien tific Assembly in the southern hemisphere. The importance of Antarctica for geodesy is increasing, as Antarctica holds the key to many challenging scientific questions regarding global change and geodynamics. Antarctica is also the last major void of terrestrial gravity x field information on Earth, making an effort to collect additional data urgent in coming years, in order to support future gravity field space missions (planned missions will leave polar coverage gaps) and to improve global geopotential model development. The Antarctica special session featured a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from over views of global change and geodynamics, presentations relating to gravity field (geoid and airborne gravity), to presentations of more localized efforts in geodynamics and funda mental geodetic reference stations. Presentations on ice dynamics include measurements by GPS methods and SAR interferometry. May 1998 Rene FORSBERG Martine FEISSEL Reinhard DIETRICH XI CONTENTS GRAVITY AND GEOID Developments in static and kinematic gravimetry Convenor: G. Boedecker The changing role of gravity reference networks W Torge Improving accuracy and reliability of airborne gravimetry by multiple system configurations 11 K P. Schwarz, C. Glennie, A. Bruton Combining airborne and ground gravity using collocation 18 C. C. Tscherning, F. Rubek, R. Forsberg Comparisons between absolute (AG) and superconducting (SG) gravimeters 24 M Amalvict, J. Hinderer, 0. Francis, J. Makinen An airborne geoid mapping system for regional sea-surface topography: application to the Skagerrak and Azores areas 30 L. Bastos, S. Cunha, R. Forsberg, A. Olesen, A. Gidskehaug, U Meyer, T. Boebel, L. Timmen, G. Xu, M Nesemann, K. Hehl The German gravity base net 1994 (DSGN 1994) 37 B. Richter, H Wilmes, A. Franke, E. Reinhart SAR Interferometry for improved terrain corrections in surface and airborne gravimetry 45 S. Nielsen, R. Forsberg, S. Ekholm, J. J. Mohr National gravimetric network of Uruguay 51 W Subiza, L. Timmen, W Torge Global gravity field from gravimetry and satellite altimetry Convenors: N. G. Pavlis and M. G. Sideris Past and future developments in geopotential modelling 58 R.H Rapp The world of gravity according to Rapp 79 C. Jekeli
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