Geochemical Treasures and Petrogenetic Processes

529 Pages·2022·16.852 MB·English

by  John S. Armstrong-Altrin, Kailasa Pandarinath, Sanjeet Kumar Verma

John S. Armstrong-Altrin
Kailasa Pandarinath
Sanjeet Kumar Verma   Editors
Geochemical
Treasures and
Petrogenetic
Processes
Geochemical Treasures and Petrogenetic Processes
· ·
John S. Armstrong-Altrin Kailasa Pandarinath
Sanjeet Kumar Verma
Editors
Geochemical Treasures
and Petrogenetic Processes
Editors
JohnS.Armstrong-Altrin KailasaPandarinath
InstitutodeCienciasdelMaryLimnología InstitutodeEnergíasRenovables
UniversidadNacionalAutónomade UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico
México,CiudadUniversitaria Temixco,Mexico
MexicoCity,CiudaddeMéxico,Mexico
SanjeetKumarVerma
DivisióndeGeocienciasAplicadas
InstitutoPotosinodeInvestigación
CientíficayTecnológica(IPICYT)
SanLuisPotosí,Mexico
ISBN 978-981-19-4781-0 ISBN 978-981-19-4782-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4782-7
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Dedication
SurendraPalVerma(1945–2021)
Dr.SurendraP.Verma,awell-knowngeochemist,diedonJanuary18,2021.In
hismemoryandtribute,wededicatetohimthiscommemorativebook“Geochemical
TreasuresandPetrogeneticProcesses”.
Dr.VermawasbornonJuly15,1945,inAgra,India;hehasobtainedhisbach-
elor’sdegreeandmaster’sdegreeinPhysics,Chemistry,andMathematicsfromAgra
University, Agra, India (1961–1965). His Ph.D. degree was from the Indian Insti-
tuteofScience,Bangalore,India,awardedonFebruary1,1971.Hehasavailedan
Italian Government Scholarship to attend the first postgraduate training course in
Geothermics(1970),Pisa(Italy).
He joined the Institute of Geophysics of the National Autonomous University
of Mexico (UNAM) in 1971 as “Junior Researcher”; soon after about 10 years, in
1981,hecouldprogressto“SeniormostResearcher”position.Duringtheseyears,his
areas of interest were geochemistry, geochronology, paleomagnetism, and nuclear
geophysics,andhewasresponsibleforinstallingthefirstlaboratoryofpaleomag-
netismandnucleargeophysicsinMexico.Twoofthemostimportantlinesofresearch
v
vi Dedication
in those years involved the study of the rare earth elements in Mexican rocks and
international geochemical reference materials and of the computer compilation of
geochemicaldatafromtheMexicanVolcanicBelt.Additionally,hewasabletoteach
andtrainmorethan12youngMexicanstudentsandprofessionalstocreateastrong
researchgroup(1971–1982)intheInstituteofGeophysics;thesestudentsandyoung
professionalshavebecomefull-fledgedscientistsintheirrespectivefields.
Later in 1982, he joined the Department of Geothermics of the Electrical
ResearchInstituteatCuernavaca,Mexico,as“SeniorResearcher”and“Coordinator
ofGeochemistry,”wherehewasfinallypromotedto“SeniormostResearcher”posi-
tion.Hesupervisedabouttenresearchersingeochemistryandformationofnumerous
students in geosciences. He developed the first laboratory of radon measurements
in geothermal fluids and reinforced research fields of rock and fluid geochemistry
and radioactive isotopes and their application to exploration of geothermal energy
resources and study of Mexican volcanoes (1982–1995). Among several relevant
achievements, he carried out detailed studies of Mexican volcanoes and calderas
leadingtoalargenumberofpublicationsininternationaljournals,includingthree
papersinthemostprestigiousmultidisciplinarysciencejournal“Nature.”
Duringthistime,hehasworkedinseveralUSInstitutions,suchastheUniversity
of Minnesota (1979) as Visiting Associate Professor, University of Rhode Island
(1979–1980)asResearchAssociate,andU.S.GeologicalSurvey(1986)asVisiting
Scientist, as well as in the Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (Mainz), Johannes-
Gutenberg Universität (Mainz), and Universität Trier (Trier) in Germany (1986–
1988),asAlexandervonHumboldtFellow.
In1995,SurendraP.VermamovedbacktotheNationalAutonomousUniversityof
Mexico,as“SeniormostResearcher”and“CoordinatorofGeochemistry.”Thistime,
hecreatedandcoordinatedaresearchgroupofGeoenergyintheEnergyResearch
Centre(nowInstituteofRenewableEnergy)during1995–2003.
Duringthistime,hehasbeendedicatedtoseverallinesofresearch;someofthem
areasfollows:
Rock geochemistry and its application to the origin and evolution of volcanic
regions,particularlyinMexico;newimprovedanalyticaltechniquesfortheexplo-
ration of geoenergy resources; prediction of subsurface temperatures in volcanoes
andgeothermalsystems;developmentofcomputerprograms(software)fortheinter-
pretationofgeochemicaldatatodeciphercomplexgeologicalprocesses;hehasintro-
duced the new science of geochemometrics; and developed new multidimensional
tectonomagmaticdiscriminationdiagramsforigneousandsedimentaryrockstoinfer
platetectonicsetting.
During his long and outstanding academic career, he has published 325 peer-
reviewedpapersinscientificjournals,19bookchapters,15inconferenceproceed-
ings,12ineditedbooksorjournalspecialissues.Moreimportantly,hehaswrittena
single-authorbookonbasicstatistics,beingusedasatextbookinMexico,andanother
single-authorbookonadvancedstatisticsforexperimentaldatahandling.Recently,
in2020,heauthoredabookentitled“RoadfromgeochemistrytoGeochemometrics”
(ISBN:978-981-13-9278-8),whichhasbeenpublishedbySpringer.
Dedication vii
The impact of his scientific contributions has been very high, as his work has
alreadyreceivedatotalnumberof10,650citations,beinganextraordinarynumber
ofcitationsingeosciences.Hish-indexof56isveryhighforthefieldofgeosciences.
Hislifetimeimpactsonsomeoftheresearchareashehascultivatedaresumma-
rizedinthefollowingpoints:
(1) Geochemistry of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: The most important
area that Surendra Pal Verma has investigated is the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
(TMVB)—aneast-westMiocenetorecentvolcanicprovincehousingaround8000
volcanoes, some of them presently active, and numerous calderas, some of them
housing important geothermal resources, and a few even producing electricity. He
hasinvestigatedthisareaforabout40years.Itmayalsobeworthmentioningthat
motivated from the early findings about the lack of direct relationships between
thesubductedslabandTMVBvolcanismandincapabilityofthenexistingseismic
evidencetodefinetheslabatdeeperlevels(earthquakesunknownbelowabout60km
depthbeneathmainlandMexico),arecentcollaborativeUS–Mexicoseismicproject
betweenCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyandUNAMwascarriedout.
(2) New Science of Geochemometrics: Surendra Pal Verma has been a pioneer
in the creation and development of the new science of geochemometrics, which
integratestheknowledgeofgeochemistry,statistics,mathematics,andcomputation.
This new science has provided rigor to the data handling in geochemistry. This
experiencehasprovidedhimtoestablishnewimprovedstatisticalmethodologyfor
abettercontrolofdataqualityandtheirhandlingandinterpretation.Hedeveloped
and used highly precise and accurate Monte Carlo simulation for generating new
tablesofcriticalvaluesofDixon,Grubbs,Skewness,andKurtosistests,whichhave
beenoffundamentalimportanceinagriculture,astronomy,biology,biotechnology,
chemistry,engineering,environmentalsciences,geosciences,medicine,andquality
control.
(3)AnalyticalGeochemistry:Thenomineehashadimportantcontributionsinthe
fieldofanalyticalchemistryorgeochemistry,inwhichtheexistenceofasystematic
“zig-zag”patternbasedonthe“odd–even”effectinlimitsofdetectionwasdemon-
stratedforthefirsttimeformost,ifnotall,stableelementsoftheperiodictableand
analytical methods. This finding has given rise to a new criterion to test the data
qualityinthedeterminationofelementconcentrations,particularlyattracelevels.
(4)GeothermalEnergy:SurendraPalVermahascontributedsignificantlytothe
areaofgeothermalenergy.Hewastrainedinthisfield,but,insteadofundertaking
a routine application of the established concepts and methods, he has carried out
innovativeresearchforamoreefficientexplorationandexploitationofgeothermal
energyinMexicoandelsewhere.
(5) Development of Software and Databases: From the very beginning of his
career, the nominee was able to recognize a great and very serious deficiency in
geosciences—thelackofsuitablecomputerprogramsforaroutineaswellasamore
sophisticated application of the diverse concepts and quantitative models. On the
otherhand,longago,hebecameawareofgroupsindevelopedcountriesdedicated
toestablishandusegeochemicaldatabases.
viii Dedication
(6) New Tectonomagmatic Discrimination Diagrams: He has been successfully
proposedandappliedseveralnewmultidimensionaltectonomagmaticdiagramsfor
igneousandsedimentaryrocks.
Dr. Verma has been the person who has influenced most the development of
Geochemistry in Mexico. His contributions to this science have been most diver-
sified that include isotope geochemistry, petrogenetic modeling, geochemistry of
geothermal fluids, and geochemometrics. He has been instrumental in forming
a national association of geochemistry in Mexico called “Instituto Nacional de
Geoquímica”(NationalInstituteofGeochemistry)backin1990.AsthefirstPresi-
dent(1990–1992) ofthisassociation,hewasabletostrengthenthisnewlycreated
geochemicalsocietyinMexico.
Dr.VermahasbeenalsorecognizedbyhisdesignationasEditorofGeochemistry
for the SCI indexed journals “Geofísica Internacional” (1994–2005) and “Revista
MexicanadeCienciasGeológicas”(2003–2009).
Duringhisproductivecareer,hehasbeenabletodirectlyhelpthroughthesisguid-
anceto42bachelor’s,12master’s,andsevendoctoralstudents.Thestudentspertainto
differentareassuchasgeology,geochemistry,geophysics,physics,chemistry,engi-
neering, and computer sciences. Furthermore, he has supervised and collaborated
withtwopostdoctoralfellows.
Hehaspresented~120invitedtalksindifferentinstitutionsinMexicoandabroad.
Similarly,hehasdelivered~230oraltalksinscientificmeetingsandhastaught~90
coursesatundergraduate,graduate,andprofessionallevels.
He has been invited by Institute of Geophysics (UNAM) to act as Guest
Editorforapeer-reviewedMexicanjournal(GeofísicaInternacional—1984–1986;
a four-part special volume published on the “Mexican Volcanic Belt” in 1985–
1987); by Elsevier for two special issues of a peer-reviewed journal (Journal
of Volcanology and Geothermal Research—1990–1991 and 1998–1999); by the
Universidad Complutense de Madrid to edit a special issue on the “Geochemistry
inMexico”(JournalofIberianGeology—2010–2013);bytheeditor-in-chiefofthe
TurkishJournalofEarthSciences(2013–2014);toeditsomemanuscripts,andbythe
editor-in-chiefoftheInternationalGeologyReview(2013–2014)toco-editaspecial
issueon“PrecambrianCrustalGrowthandTectonics.”HewasMemberoftheEdito-
rialBoardoftheJournalofSouthAmericanEarthSciences(1990–1993)andofthe
JournalofEarthSystemScience(2006–2011).Recentlyin2014,hewasnominated
asMemberoftheEditorialBoardoftheTurkishJournalofEarthSciences.Allthese
journalsareincludedinthelistofScienceCitationIndex.
Dr.Verma‘sachievementscouldbesummarizedasfollows:RecipientofU.P.State
MeritScholarship(1959–1961),DistinctioninPhysics,ChemistryandMathematics
attheU.P.State-levelIntermediateExamination(1961),NationalMeritScholarship
(1961–1965), and Indian Institute of Science Scholarship (1965–1969) in India;
Government of Italy Scholarship (1970) in Italy; and Alexander von Humboldt
Scholarship (1986–1988) at the Max-Planck Institut fur Chemie and Universities
of Mainz and Trier, all in Germany. For his sabbatical, he was offered “Ronald
TunstallAckroyd”Chair(2009–2010)inthe“MetropolitanAutonomousUniversity”
ofMexicoCity.
Preface
Surendra P. Verma a well-known geochemist, dedicated to the study of Mexican
volcanoesandgeothermalfields,aswellastoresearchinanalyticalgeochemistryand
geochemometrics,whodiedonJanuary18,2021.Itisagreatlosstothegeoscience
community in general, and to the geochemometrics in particular. As an honor and
tributetothegreatresearcherDr.Verma,wehaveeditedthisbooktitledGeochemical
TreasuresandPetrogeneticProcesses.Wehavereceivedthecontributionsofarticles
forthisbookfromthecolleagues,collaborators,andformerstudentsofDr.Verma
andmostlyinthethemesrelatedtohisresearchinterests.
A total of 19 research chapters constitute this commemorate book; based on
the subject, we have grouped them into five parts. The first part in this book is
on Geochemistry and Tectonic Discrimination, it contains three chapters. In the
first chapter “Arc–Back Arc Cohabitation and Associated Bimodal Volcanism:
Evidence from Neoarchean Raichur Greenstone Belt, Eastern Dharwar Craton,
India”,PahariandManikyamba(2022)havereportedthegeochemicalcharacteris-
tics and tectonic implications, which reflect the arc–back-arc tectonic setting and
the bimodal volcanism for the Raichur greenstone belt of the Eastern Dharwar
Craton,India.Thesecondchapter“IdentificationandModelingofHydrogeochem-
icalProcessesinanAridZoneofMexicanHighlands”(Moran-Ramírezetal.2022)
dealswiththeexistinghydrogeochemicalprocessesinanaridzoneofMexicanhigh-
lands. Based on hydrogeochemical diagrams, they have indicated that the ground-
waterfollowsthreemainevolutionarytrajectories:(1)circulatingincarbonatemate-
rials, (2) alteration of silicates, and (3) processes of alteration of silicates, ion
exchange, and evaporation. The third chapter is authored by Torres-Sánchez et al.
(2022),relatedtothe“PetrogenesisandTectonicImplicationsofOligoceneSilicic
VolcanicRocksfromVilladeReyesGraben,SanLuisPotosí,CentralMexico”.They
haveindicatedthatthesefelsicrocksoriginatedthroughpartialmeltingoftheupper
continentalcrustandarerelatedtoanextensionalsetting.
ThesecondpartSedimentCompositionandProvenanceconsistsoffourchapters.
Allthechaptersdealwiththegeochemistryofsedimentsbutfromdifferentsedimen-
taryenvironments:Thefirstchapter“ImportanceoftheGeochemistryofNearshore
Sediments in the Realm of Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment” is by Manjunatha
ix
x Preface
et al. (2022), which documented the importance of the geochemistry of nearshore
sediments in heavy metal pollution assessment. They have referred that the indus-
trialrevolutionhasresultedintothedevelopmentofmajorindustriesandlargecities
alongthecoastalregions,whichinterncausedthenearshoreenvironmentsincreas-
ingly polluted. The second chapter is on the “Geochemical Indicators in Prove-
nance Estimation” by Banerji et al. (2022). They have mentioned that the future
of the robust identification of sediment provenance lies in the multidisciplinary
approachthatneedstobeconceivedanddevised.Thethirdchapterisonthe“Source,
Processes, and Depositional Environments of Estuarine Mudflat Core Sediments,
CentralWesternCoastofIndia”byNayakandSingh(2022).Theyhaveindicatedthat
the variations in sediment proxies of mudflat cores reveal changing environmental
conditions with time. Finally, the fourth chapter in the second part is on “Miner-
alogyandGeochemistryofMarineSedimentsintheNortheasternGulfofMexico”
by Ramos-Vázquez et al. (2022). They have reported that the geochemistry data
has indicated a low intensity of weathering in the source area and sediments were
moderatelycontaminated.
The thrid part represents the Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Geochronology of
IgneousandSedimentaryRocks,whichcomprisessixchapters.Thefirstchapterin
thispartison“BoronIsotopiccompositionofPegmatiticTourmalinefromYumthang
Valley, North Sikkim, India”, by Srivastava et al. (2022). They have reported that
the tourmalines might be the result of fractionation during magmatic degassing
from magmatic–hydrothermal fluids. The second chapter is on “Geochemistry
and U–Pb CHIME Ages of Tonalite–Trondhjemitic–Granodioritic (TTG) Gneiss
from the Central Bundelkhand Craton, India: An Implication for the Presence
of Paleoarchean Crust from Easternmost Exposed Boundary of the Craton”, by
Malviyaetal.(2022).BasedonthePaleoarchean–MesoarcheanagesofTTGfrom
Chitrakootarea,andtheirgeochemicalsimilaritywithreportedPaleo-Mesoarchean
TTGgneissesfromthecraton,theyhaveinferredthepresenceofPaleo-Mesoarchean
TTG crust from eastern most exposed boundary of the craton. Third chapter is on
“The Geochemical Affinity of Paleogene Glauconites in Paleo-Tethyan Deposits
ofIndia”byChoudhuryetal.(2022).Theyhaveconcludedthattheglauconiticinter-
valscorrespondtomajormarinetransgressionsacrosstheIndiansubcontinentand
eustatic sea-level cycles. The fourth chapter is on “Paleoenvironmental Dynamics
inaMesoproterozoicEpicontinentalSea,FadedShale,SonValley,India”,byMondal
et al. (2022). They have reported the geochemical contrast between the two facies
(fadedandthelaminatedshale)isglaring,thelatterbeingcomparativelyenrichedin
refractoryelements,althoughbotharenowverticallyjuxtaposedinthesamepaleo-
geography.Thefifthchapteris“DetritalZirconGeochemistryintheMoritaForma-
tion,NorthernSonora,Mexico:ImplicationsforOriginandSourceRockType”by
Ramírez-Montoyaetal.(2022).Theseauthorsreportedthatthemajorityofthedetrital
zirconsoftheMoritaFormationwerecontributedbyfelsicsourcerocks.Finally,the
sixth chapter in this part is “Geochemistry and Petrological Studies of Mesopro-
terozoicGlauconiticSandstone,SemriGroup,VindhyanBasin,India:Implications
for Paleoweathering, Provenance and Tectonic Setting” by Prakash et al. (2022).