Genotoxicity of gaseous agents and leachates from a landfill and the air around and incinerator

66 Pages·1993·2.8 MB·English

by  Ma, Te-hsia

University of Illinois
Office of Solid Waste Research
Publication No. 24-07-002
Genotoxicity of gaseous agents and
leachates from a landfill and
the air around an incinerator
Institute for Environmental Studies
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Funded through a grant from the
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources
Please note: As of July I, 1995, this Office is a part
of the Department of Commerce and Community
Affairs. To conserve natural resources and reduce
wasle, agencies are using their remaining inventory
of printed material.
Publication No. 24-07-002
Genotoxicity of gaseous agents and
leachates from a landfill and
the air around an incinerator
Ma
Te-Hsiu
Biological Sciences
Western Illinois University
Project No. OSWR-07-002
Office of Solid Waste Research
Institute for Environmental Studies
1101 West Peabody Drive
Urbana, Illinois 61801
December 1993
i.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents i
List of Tables ii
List of figures iii
List of abbreviations iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi - vii
Introduction 1 - 2
Materials and Methods 2 - 6
Results and Discussion 6 -12
Conclusions 12 - 13
Recommendations for Future Research 14
Tables 15 - 28
Figures 29 - 34
References 35 - 36
Appendix 1. Standard procedure for the Trad-MCN bioassay
2. Standard procedure for the Trad-SHM bioassay
.. .. , .
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Results of on site monitoring with the Trad-MCN
assay on the clastogenicity of the gaseous agents
around the landfill site.
Table 2. Results of on site monitoring with the Trad-MCN
assay on the clastogenicity of the air around the
incinerator
Table 3 Results of on site monitoring with the Trad-SHM
.
assay on the mutagenicity of the gaseous agents
around the landfill site.
Table 4. Results of on site monitoring with the Trad-SHM
assay on the mutagenicity of the air around the
incinerator
Table 5. The major gaseous agents from the landfill site
based on the chemical analysis by IIT Center (OSWR-
02-006)
.
Table 6. Results of the Trad-MCN assay on the clastogenicity
of the gaseous agents, toluene, ethylbenzene
trichloroethylene and ethyltoluene
Table 7. Results of the Trad-SHM assays on the mutagenicity
of the gaseous agent, toluene, ethylbenzene,
trichloroethylene and ethyltoluene
Table 8. Results of the Trad-MCN assay on the clastogenicity
of the leachate samples collected from the landfill
site.
Table 9. Results of the Trad-SHM assay on the mutagenicity
of the leachate samples collected from the landfill
site
.
Table 10. The major contents of the leachate based on the
chemical analysis by IIT Center OSWR-02-006
( )
Table 11 Results of the Trad-MCN assay on the clastogenicity
of 3 inorganic compounds commonly found in the
leachate, i.e., sodium selenite manganese chloride,
,
and lead nitrate.
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1. The Dynamic gas flow treatment system.
Fig. 2. Incinerator gas monitoring site (Trip I).
Fig. 3. Incinerator gas monitoring site (Trip III).
Fig. 4. Incinerator gas monitoring site (Trips IV, V,
VIII, XI, XII, and XVII)
Fig. 5. Gas monitoring and leachate collecting sites
(Trips II, III, IV, V, VII) around the landfill.
Fig. 6. Photograph showing high toxicity of the leachate.
iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Cldy: Cloudy
E: East
E. Sch: Elementary School
EB: Ethylbenzene
ET: Ethyltoluene
FC: Field control
GT: Gas treatment
IIT: Illinois Institute of Technology
LC: Laboratory control
M: Mutation
m: meter
MnCl Manganese chloride
:
MED: Minimum Effective Dose
MPH: mile per hour
NaSe Sodium selenite
:
NNE: North North East
OSWR: Office of Solid Waste Research
PbNO: Lead nitrate
PC: Park Control
PCB: Polychlorinated Biphenol
ppm: Parts per million
RH: Relative Humidity
SE: South East
SSE: South South East
Sun: Sunny
SW: South West
TCE: Trichloroethylene
TO: Toluene
Trad-MCN: Tradescantia-Micronucleus
Trad-SHM Tradescantia-Stamen-Hair-Mutation
:
v/d: Velocity and direction
VOC: Volatile Organic Compound
+: Positive response
+/-: Borderline response
c: Sigma (Standard Deviation)
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Principal Investigator of this project would like
to express his deepest appreciation to Dr. Thomas M. Holsen
of IIT Center for his assistance in designing this research,
and providing the information on the composition of the
landfill gases and leachates, to Mr. Jerry Hartwig of the Du
Page Country Forest Preserve for his cooperation and to the
Center of Solid Waste Management, the University of
Illinois, Office of Solid Waste Research for the financial
support of this project.
The Principal Investigator would also like to
acknowledge the technical assistance of his graduate
students and undergraduate students who were involved in
this two-year project. Names and the duration of their
service are list below: Linda Powers (8/1 - 12/31, 1991),
Chengen Xu (8/1, 1991 - 8/31, 1992), Shixiong Liao (9/1,
1991 - 5/15, 1993), Lora Deckert (10/14 - 12/20, 1991), Paul
Janus (1/20 - 5/22, 1992), Karmen Jackson (5/18 - 8/17,
1992), Amanda Madjid (5/18-8/17, 1992), James Day (5/17 -
7/31, 1992), Byeong-Seon Jeong (8/1, 1992 - 12/15, 1993),
Ronda Leatherwood (9/1 - 12/31, 1992), Mark Morrelli (1/4 -
5/15, 1993), Heike McConnell (5/17 - 9/30, 1993), Chang-Deok
Won (5/17 - 12/15, 1993).
V
ABSTRACT
The persistent emission of hazardous gas and
accumulation of leachate are the major problems of a
landfill. Although the major contents of the gaseous
emission (Holsen et al 1991) and that of the leachate
(Anderson et al 1991). , of a landfill have been determined
. ,
through chemical analyses conducted by the IIT Center, the
effects of these complex mixtures of this landfill on
biological system are unknown.
In the present project, a dual monitoring system
composed of the Tradescantia-Micronucleus (Trad-MCN) and
Tradescantia-Stamen-Hair-Mutation (Trad-SHM) was utilized to
monitor directly the genotoxicity of the gaseous emission at
the landfill site and test the leachate for the assessment
of the ecotoxicity effects and at the same time the air
quality around an incinerator has also been monitored.
Based upon the chemical analysis of the gaseous emission and
chemical constituents of the leachate of the landfill
reported by IIT Center, four of these gaseous agents,
toluene, ethylbenzene trichloroethylene and ethyltoluene
,
were also evaluated for their genotoxicity in the
laboratory.
The on site monitoring trips (360 km one way from our
laboratory) were carried out by transporting the plant
cuttings in a relatively clean air box or in an air-tight
plastic bag to the site and exposing these test samples for
5-7
hrs The exposed plant samples were examined for the
.
micronuclei frequencies or pink mutation rate after the
5-11
appropriate recovery durations (24 hr for MCN, day
for SHM A total of 20 monitoring trips were made to the.,
) .
landfill, 8 to the incinerator sites and 4 leachate samples
were collected for tests of genotoxicity.
The major findings during the 24 month period are
presented in this annual report. Trad-MCN test results on
clastogenicity of gaseous emission from the flare pipe of
the landfill showed positive responses or toxic effect in 6
out of 20 trips, and that from the incinerator showed
positive responses in 5 out of the 8 trips made. These
positive responses were closely associated with the weather
conditions, i.e., low wind velocity, high temperature and
relative humidity and especially the distance from the
chimney. The MCN frequencies and mutation rates of the
Elementary School site were mostly negative except the test
results of the trip VI, XVIII, and XX.
Trad-SHM tests on the mutagenicity of gaseous emissions
from the flare pipe of the landfill showed 12 positive
responses out of 20 trials and 2 positive out of 4 trials of
the incinerator gaseous emissions. It is known that Trad-
SHM assay is more sensitive to gaseous exposures. Therefore,
vi