Genocide, Risk and Resilience: An Interdisciplinary Approach PDF
Preview Genocide, Risk and Resilience: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Genocide, Risk and Resilience Rethinking Political Violence Series Series editor: Roger Mac Ginty, Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Manchester, UK This exciting series provides a space in which to interrogate and challenge much of the conventional wisdom on political violence. Books in the series are at the forefront of research, pushing forward new debate in the field of political vio- lence without rehashing clichés about security, violence and ‘terrorism’. Authors from both the critical and orthodox perspectives use the book series to reappraise some of the fundamental questions facing societies on how to deal with and interpret organised violence. Many of the books in the series are comparative, draw on fieldwork and use insights from a variety of methodologies. Titles include: Linda Åhäll and Laura J. Shepherd (editors) GENDER, AGENCY AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE Stephen Gibson and Simon Mollan (editors) REPRESENTATIONS OF PEACE AND CONFLICT Caroline Holmqvist POLICING WARS Military Intervention in the Twenty-First Century Jaremey McMullin EX-COMBATANTS AND THE POST-CONFLICT STATE Challenges of Reintegration Bert Ingelaere, Stephan Parmentier, Jacques Haers SJ and Barbara Segaert (editors) GENOCIDE, RISK AND RESILIENCE An Interdisciplinary Approach Rethinking Political Violence Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–24376–7 You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a stand- ing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of diffi culty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Genocide, Risk and Resilience An Interdisciplinary Approach Edited by Bert Ingelaere Researcher at the Institute of Development Policy and Management (IOB), University of Antwerp, and affiliated with the Centre for Research on Peace and Development (CRPD), KU Leuven, Belgium Stephan Parmentier Professor of Sociology of Crime, Law and Human Rights, KU Leuven, Belgium Jacques Haers SJ Academic Director, University Centre Saint-Ignatius Antwerp, Belgium and Barbara Segaert Scientific Coordinator, University Centre Saint-Ignatius Antwerp, Belgium Selection, introduction and editorial content © Bert Ingelaere, Stephan Parmentier, Jacques Haers SJ and Barbara Segaert 2013 Remaining chapters © Contributors 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-33242-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-46172-1 ISBN 978-1-137-33243-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137332431 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India. Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Acknowledgements viii Notes on Contributors ix Introduction: Between Risk and Resilience – An Interdisciplinary Dialogue on Genocide 1 Bert Ingelaere, Stephan Parmentier, Jacques Haers SJ and Barbara Segaert Part I Prevention and Coping: Theoretical Debates and Institutional Frameworks 1 The Concept of Genocide: What Are We Preventing? 23 Martin Shaw 2 Coping Strategies and Genocide Prevention 36 René Lemarchand 3 Reconsidering Root Causes: A New Framework for the Structural Prevention of Genocide and Mass Atrocities 49 Stephen McLoughlin and Deborah Mayersen 4 Communities that Taste for More: Religion’s Best Way of Preventing Genocide 68 Jacques Haers SJ 5 An Ethics of Relationality: Destabilising the Exclusionary Frame of Us versus Them 85 Anya Topolski 6 Shared Burdens and Perpetrator–Victim Group Conciliation 98 Henry C. Theriault 7 Confronting the ‘Crime of Crimes’: Key Issues of Transitional Justice after Genocide 108 Stephan Parmentier Part II Risk and Resilience: Contextual and Empirical Insights 8 Genocide and the Problem of the State in Bosnia in the Twentieth Century 131 Cathie Carmichael v vi Contents 9 N’ajoutons pas la guerre à la guerre: French Responses to Genocide in Bosnia 150 Chris Jones 10 Finding Havens to Save Lives: Four Case Studies from the Jewish Refugee Crisis of the 1930s 164 Dean J. Kotlowski 11 Genocide and Property: Root Cause or Concomitant Effect? 178 U˘gur Ümit Üngör 12 The Meaning of Monetary Reparations after a Genocide: The German–Jewish Case in the Early 1950s 190 Joëlle Hecker 13 Mass Amnesia: The Role of Memory after Genocide – A Case Study of Contemporary Poland 202 Katarzyna Szurmiak 14 Hidden Death: Rwandan Post-Genocide Gacaca Justice and Its Dangerous Blind Spots 212 Bert Ingelaere Index 231 Figures and Tables Figures 3.1 Minority Rights Group International: risk trends over time, 2008–11 61 3.2 Change in risk level, 2008–11 62 Table 14.1 Civil war and Hutu killed mentioned during trial 218 vii Acknowledgements This publication would not have materialised without the support of the University Centre Saint-Ignatius Antwerp, Belgium, through the organisation of the international conference on ‘Preventing Genocide: Root Causes and Coping Strategies’, held at the University of Antwerp, Belgium, on 24–25 November 2011. During the proceedings, a multi- disciplinary group of twenty experts exchanged their research results, which form the backbone of this book. viii Notes on Contributors Cathie Carmichael teaches Eastern European History as a Reader in European History at the University of East Anglia, UK. Her research has been on nationalism, ethnicity and violence with particular reference to the former Yugoslavia. Her recent research is concerned with national identity, borders and violence. She is an editor of the Journal of Genocide Research, and is on the International Advisory Board of Europe–Asia Studies and on the executive committee of the British Association of Slavonic and East European Studies. Her most recent book is A Concise History of Bosnia (2012). Jacques Haers SJ, Academic Director of the University Centre Saint- Ignatius Antwerp, Belgium, is Doctor of Theology (University of Oxford, 1993), Master of Philosophy (Hochschule für Philosophie, Munich, 1982), and Master of Mathematics (Catholic University of Leuven, KU Leuven, 1978). He is Chair of the Research Department for Systematic Theology at the Faculty of Theology as well as Chair of the Centre for Liberation Theologies, KU Leuven. His research interests are in contextual and liberation theologies, globalisation and conflict transformation, eco- theology, philosophies and theologies of encounter and processes of relational constructionism and common discernment. Joëlle Hecker is writing a PhD in political theory at the Institut d’Études Politiques, Paris, under the supervision of Axel Honneth at the Institute of Philosophy of the Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt. Her research is funded by the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques (FNSP) and the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah. Her research focuses on the German–Israeli relationship and transitional justice and recognition theo- ries; she has conducted extensive field and archival research in Germany and in Israel. She taught French and Politics at the University of Heidelberg. Bert Ingelaere is a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO), Belgium. He studied philosophy as well as social and cultural anthropology at the Institute of Development Policy and Management (IOB), University of Antwerp, and is affili- ated with the Centre for Research on Peace and Development (CRPD), KU Leuven, and holds a PhD in Development Studies, University of Antwerp. Since 2004, he has conducted over 35 months of fieldwork ix
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