Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922 PDF
Preview Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922
PUBLICATIONS OF THE GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON, D.C. Edited by Hartmut Lehmann, with the assistance of Kenneth F. Ledford Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922 One of the largest twentieth-century summit meetings, the Genoa Conference of 1922 was also a notable failure as a consequence of the gulf between the Allies and Germany, between the West and Soviet Russia, and among the World War I victors and their small allies. This book, a unique international collaboration, presents various perspectives on the Genoa Conference: its leadership, its goals, and its outcome. The authors present new findings on such topics as the sensa tional Rapallo Treaty between Germany and Russia, the strategies of the Little Entente and the small neutral powers, and the policy of the United States toward European debts. Readers will find contrasting as well as complementary views in this volume. THE GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON, D.C. The German Historical Institute is a center for advanced study and research whose purpose is to provide a permanent basis for scholarly cooperation between historians from the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States. The Institute conducts, promotes, and supports research into both American and Ger man political, social, economic, and cultural history, into transatlantic migration, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and into the history of inter national relations, with special emphasis on the roles played by the United States and Germany. Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in Î 922 Edited by CAROLE FINK AXEL FROHN and JÜRGEN HEIDEKING GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE Washington, D.C. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge New York Port Chester Melbourne Sydney PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York NY 10011^211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13,28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 1991 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1991 First paperback edition 2002 A catalogue recordfor this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922 / edited by Carole Fink, Axel Frohn, and Jürgen Heideking, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0 521 41167 X (hardback) 1. Genoa Conference (1922) 2. Reconstruction (1914-1939) 3. Europe - Politics and government - 1918-1945. 4. Germany - Foreign relations - Soviet Union. 5. Soviet Union - Foreign relations - Germany. I. Fink, Carole. II. Frohn, Axel. III. Heideking, Jürgen. D655.G46 1991 940.5T-dc20 91-2393 CIP ISBN 0 521 41167 X hardback ISBN 0 521 52280 3 paperback Contents Illustrations List vii Maps List viii Abbreviations List ix Introduction 1 1 Beyond Revisionism: The Genoa Conference of 1922 Carole Fink 11 2 The Genoa Conference of 1922: Lloyd George and the Politics of Recognition Andrew Williams 29 3 A Rainy Day, April 16, 1922: The Rapallo Treaty and the Cloudy Perspective for German Foreign Policy Peter Krüger 49 4 Reparations in 1922 Sally Marks 65 5 Germany and the United States: The Concept of World Economic Interdependence Manfred Berg 11 6 American Policy Toward Debts and Reconstruction at Genoa, 1922 Stephen A. Schuker 95 7 French Plans for the Reconstruction of Russia: A History and Evaluation Anne Hogenhuis-Seliverstoff 131 8 The Oil Problem and Soviet-American Relations at the Genoa Conference of 1922 A. A. Fursenko 149 9 Italy at the Genoa Conference: Italian-Soviet Commercial Relations Giorgio Petracchi 159 10 The European Policy of Czechoslovakia on the Eve of the Genoa Conference of 1922 Frank Hadler 171 v VI Contents 11 The Genoa Conference and the Little Entente Magda Âiâm 187 12 The Role of Switzerland and the Neutral States at the Genoa Conference Antoine Fleury 201 13 The Genoa Conference and Japan: A Lesson in Great- Power Diplomacy Takako Ueta 217 Maps 227 Appendix 233 Selected Bibliography 237 Contributors 252 Index 253 Illustrations List Oil Fields Near Baku, 1920s 123 TASS photo, courtesy of Sovfoto/Eastfoto, New York English Unemployed Queuing Outside a Labour Exchange, 1924 123 Courtesy of the Bettmann Archive, Hulton Picture Library, New York “Genoa: Europe Lay Waste and Deserted - But the Conferences Were Still in Session,” Simplicissimus, April 12, 1922 124 Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Opening Session of the Genoa Conference 125 UPI photo, courtesy of the Bettmann Archive, New York “Opening Session of the International Conference at Genoa,” Le Rire, April 15, 1922 125 Courtesy of Dartmouth College Library, Hanover, N.H. David Lloyd George and Louis Barthou at Genoa 126 Courtesy of Churchill College, Cambridge, England David Lloyd George and Carlo Schanzer at Genoa 127 Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Georgi V. Chicherin and Members of the Russian Delegation at Genoa 127 Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. “Germany and Russia: A Beginning,” Simplicissimus, May 10,1922 128 Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. vii viii Illustrations List “What Is Wrong with This Picture?” Punch, May 24,1922 128 Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. “Uncle Sam: ‘Well, It’s Good To Be Missed Anyhow’,” Cartoon by Clifford Kennedy Berryman 128 Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Rapallo Treaty 129 Courtesy of Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts, Bonn, Germany Joseph Wirth and Walther Rathenau at Genoa 130 UPI photo, courtesy of the Bettmann Archive, New York Edouard Benes 130 Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Viscount Kikujifô Ishii, Head of the Japanese Delegation at Genoa 130 Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Maps List Territorial Changes in Europe After World War I 228 Drawn by William Harris Economic Conditions in Europe on the Eve of the Genoa Conference 230 Drawn by William Harris Abbreviations List ADAP Akten zur Deutschen Auswärtigen Politik A Fin Arch. Austria: Finanz- und Hofkammerarchiv (Austrian Finance Ministry Archives) AHHSt Austria: Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Austrian Private, Court, and National Archive) BMAE Belgium: Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, archive (Belgian Foreign Ministry Archive) CAMZV Czechoslovakia: Archiv Ministerstva Zahranic- nich Veci (Czechoslovak Foreign Ministry Archive) CAUML Czechoslovakia: Archiv Ustavu Marxismu-Lenin- ismu (Czechoslovak Institute for Marxism-Len inism Archive) CSUA Czechoslovakia: Stâtm Ûstfednx Archiv (Czecho slovak State Central Archives) DBFP Documents on British Foreign Policy DDI I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani DDS Documents Diplomatiques Suisses D VPSSSR Dokumenty Vneshnei Politiki SSSR FAN France: Archives Nationales (French National Archives) FMAE France: Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, archive (French Foreign Ministry Archive) FMF France: Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, archive (French Ministry of Economies and Finance Archive) FSHV France: Service Historique de l’Armée, Vincennes (French Army Historical Service Archive) FRUS Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States IX X Abbreviations List GB CAB Great Britain: Cabinet Papers GB Cmd Great Britain, Parliament, Papers by Command GB FO Great Britain: Foreign Office Records Germ. AA T-120 Germany: Microfilmed Records of the German Foreign Ministry Germ. PA AA Germany: Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts (Political Archive of the German Foreign Ministry) Germ. ZSAP Germany: Zentrales Staatsarchiv, Potsdam (Ger man Central State Archives) H MOL Kiim Hungary: Magyar Orszâgos Levéltâr, Külügym- inisztérium (Hungarian Foreign Ministry Archive) HZ Historische Zeitschrift IACS Italy: Archivio Centrale dello Stato (Italian Central State Archives) IASBI Italy: Archivio Storico della Banca d’Italia (Bank of Italy Archive) IMAE Italy: Ministero degli Affari Esteri, Archivio Sto rico (Italian Foreign Ministry Archive) JACFR Japan: Advisory Council on Foreign Relations JFMA Japan: Foreign Ministry Archive LNA League of Nations Archive NEP New Economic Policy RSFSR Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic SAF Switzerland: Archive Fédérale (Swiss Federal Archives) USDS United States: Records of the Department of State, National Archives USFRB United States: Federal Reserve Bank of New York Archive USHHPL United States: Herbert Hoover Presidential Library USTD United States: Records of the Treasury Department USTD NA United States: Records of the Treasury Depart ment, National Archives VfZG Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
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